- ABC ALGOL - An extension of
ALGOL 60 with arbitrary data structures and
- ABCL/1 - An Object-Based
Concurrent Language. Yonezawa, U Tokyo 1986.
- ABCL/c+ - Concurrent
object-oriented language, an extension of ABCL/1 based
- ABCL/R - Yonezawa, Tokyo Inst
Tech 1988. A reflective subset of ABCL/1,
- ABCL/R2 - Yonezawa et al,
Tokyo Inst Tech 1992. A reflective concurrent
- Abel - HP Labs. Strongly-typed
object-oriented language with contravariant
- ABLE - Simple language for
accountants. "ABLE, The Accounting Language,
- ABSET - U Aberdeen. Early
declarative language. "ABSET: A Programming
- ABSYS 1 - U Aberdeen. Early
declarative language, anticipated a number of
- Accent - Very high level
interpreted language with strings, tables, etc.
- Access - English-like query
language used in the Pick OS.
- ACL - A Coroutine Language. A
Pascal-based implementation of coroutines.
- ACOM - Early system on IBM
705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- ACOS - BBS language for
PRODOS 8 on Apple ][. Macos is a hacked version of
- ACP - Algebra of
Communicating Processes. "Algebra of Communicating
- ACT++ - Concurrent extension
of C++ based on actors. "ACT++: Building a
- ACT ONE - Specification
language. "An Algebraic Specification Language
- Act1 - An actor language,
descendant of Plasma. "Concurrent Object
- Act2 - An actor language.
"Issues in the Design of Act2", D. Theriault,
- Act3 - High-level actor
language, descendant of Act2. Provides support for
- Actalk - Briot, 1989.
Smalltalk-based actor language. "Actalk: A Testbed
- Active Language I - Early
interactive math, for XDS 930 at UC Berkeley.
- Actor - Charles Duff,
Whitewater Group, ca 1986. Object-oriented language
- Actors - C. Hewitt. A model
for concurrency. "Laws for Communicating
- Actra - An exemplar-based
Smalltalk. LaLonde et al, OOPSLA '86.
- Actus - Pascal with parallel
extensions, similar to the earlier Glypnir.
- Ada - (named for Ada Lovelace
(1811-1852), arguably the world's first
- Ada-83 - The original Ada, as
opposed to Ada 9X.
- Ada 9X - Revision and
extension of Ada begun in 1988, currently under
- Ada++ - Object-oriented
extension to Ada, implemented as an Ada
- Ada' - ORA. Subset of Ada
used by the Penelope verification system. Omits
- ADAM - A DAta Management
system.
- Ada-O - U Karlsruhe, 1979.
Ada subset used for compiler bootstrapping.
- Adaplex - An extension of Ada
for functional databases. "Adaplex:
- ADAPT - Subset of APT. Sammet
1969, p.606.
- AdaTran - Name given
informally to an Ada subset and coding style
- ADD 1 TO COBOL GIVING COBOL -
Bruce Clement. Tongue-in-cheek suggestion
- ADELE - Language for
specification of attribute grammars, used by the MUG2
- ADES - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- ADL -
- AdLog - Adds a Prolog layer
to Ada. "AdLog, An Ada Components Set to Add
- ADM - Picture query language,
extension of Sequel2. "An Image-Oriented
- ADS - Expert system.
- ADVSYS - David Betz, 1986. An
adventure language, object-oriented and
- AE - Application Executive.
Brian Bliss An
- AED - Automated Engineering
Design (aka ALGOL Extended for Design). MIT
- Aeolus - Concurrent language
with atomic transactions. "Rationale for the
- AESOP - An Evolutionary
System for On-line Programming. Early interactive
- AFAC - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- AGORA - Distributed
object-oriented language.[?]
- AHDL - Analog VHDL. US Air
Force, under development. Mentioned in
- AHPL - A Hardware Programming
Language. Hill & Peterson. A register-level
- AID - Algebraic Interpretive
Dialogue. Version of Joss II for the PDP-10.
- AIDA -
- AIMACO - AIr MAterial COmmand
compiler. Modification of FLOW-MATIC.
- AGP-L - Language for natural
language recognition. [?]
- AKCL - Austin Kyoto Common
LISP. Wm Schelter , U
- AKL - Andorra Kernel
Language. Successor of KAP. "Programming Paradigms
- AL - Assembly Language.
Stanford U, 1970's. Language for industrial
- ALADIN -
- ALAM - Atlas LISP Algebraic
Manipulation. Symbolic math, especially for
- A-language. An early
Algol-like surface syntax for Lisp. "An Auxiliary
- ALC - Assembly Language
Compiler. Alternative name for IBM 360 assembly
- Alcool-90 - An
object-oriented extension of ML with runtime overloading and
- ALCOR - Subset of ALGOL.
Sammet 1969, p.180.
- Aldat - Database language,
based on extended algebra. Listed by M.P.
- ALDES - ALgorithm
DEScription. "The Algorithm Description Language ALDES",
- ALDiSP - Applicative Language
for Digital Signal Processing. 1989, TU
- ALEC - A Language with an
Extensible Compiler. Implemented using RCC on an
- ALEF - Concurrent language
for systems programming. C-like syntax, but a
- ALEPH -
- Alex -
- Alexis - Alex Input
Specification. Input language for the scanner
- ALF - Algebraic Logic
Functional language. WAM-based language with
- Alfl - Paul Hudak
, Yale 1983. Functional, weakly
- ALGEBRAIC - Early system on
MIT's Whirlwind. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- ALGOL 58 - See IAL.
- ALGOL 60 - ALGOrithmic
Language. Designed as a portable language for
- ALGOL 60 Modified - "A
Supplement to the ALGOL 60 Revised Report", R.M.
- ALGOL 60 Revised - Still
lacked standard I/O. "Revised Report on the
- ALGOL 68 - Adriaan van
Wijngaarden et al. Discussed from 1963 by Working
- ALGOL 68-R - April, 1970.
Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Malvern,
- ALGOL 68 Revised -
Significantly simplified the language. "Revised Report
- ALGOL 68C - S. Bourne and
Mike Guy, Cambridge U 1975. Variant of ALGOL 68,
- ALGOL 68RS - Royal Signals
and Radar Establishment, Malvern UK. An
- ALGOL 68S - A subset of ALGOL
68 allowing simpler compilation. Intended
- ALGOL C - Clive Feather,
Cambridge U, ca. 1981. Variant of ALGOL 60; added
- ALGOL D - "A Proposal for
Definitions in ALGOL", B.A. Galler et al, CACM
- ALGOL N - Yoneda. Proposed
successor to ALGOL 60.
- ALGOL W - Derivative of ALGOL
60. Introduced double precision, complex
- ALGOL X - Proposed successor
to ALGOL 60, a "short-term solution to
- ALGOL Y - Proposed successor
to ALGOL 60, a "radical reconstruction".
- ALGY - Early language for
symbolic math. Sammet 1969, p.520.
- ALIAS - ALgorIthmic ASsembly
language. Machine oriented language, a
- ALJABR - An implementation of
MACSYMA for the Mac. Fort Pond Research.
- ALLOY - Combines functional,
object-oriented and logic programming ideas,
- ALM - Assembly Language for
Multics. Language on the GE645. Critical
- ALP - List-processing
extension of Mercury Autocode. "ALP, An Autocode
- ALPAK - Subroutine package
used by ALTRAN. "The ALPAK System for
- ALPHA - A.P. Ershov,
Novosibirsk, 1961. Also known as "Input". Extension
- Alphard - (named for the
brightest star in Hydra). Wulf, Shaw and London,
- ALPS -
- ALTAC - An extended FORTRAN
II for Philco 2000, built on TAC. Sammet 1969,
- ALTRAN - W.S. Brown, Bell
Labs, ca. 1968. A FORTRAN extension for rational
- Amber -
- AMBIT - Algebraic
Manipulation by Identity Translation (also claimed:
- AMBIT/G - (G for graphs).
"An Example of the Manipulation of Directed
- AMBIT/L - (L for lists).
List handling, allows pattern matching rules
- AMBIT/S - (S for strings).
- AMBUSH - Language for linear
programming problems in a materials-
- AML - IBM, 1980's.
High-level language for industrial robots. "AML: A
- AML/E - AML Entry. Simple
version of AML, implemented on PC, with graphic
- AMP - Algebraic Manipulation
Package. Symbolic math, written in Modula-2,
- AMPL - "AMPL: Design,
Implementation and Evaluation of a Multiprocessing
- AMPLE - Hybrid Technologies,
Cambridge England, mid 80's. FORTH-like
- AMPPL-II - Associative
Memory Parallel Processing Language. Early 70's.
- AMTRAN - Automatic
Mathematical TRANslation. NASA Huntsville, 1966. For
- ANCP - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- ANDF - Architecture Neutral
Distribution Format. OSF's request for a
- Andorra-I - The OR
parallelism of Aurora plus the AND parallelism of
- Andorra-Prolog -
"Andorra-Prolog: An Integration of Prolog and Committed
- Animus - "Constraint-Based
Animation: The Implementation of Temporal
- Anna - ANNotated Ada. ca.
1980. Adds semantic assertions to Ada as formal
- ANTLR - ANother Tool for
Language Recognition. Parser generator, part of
- APAL - Array Processor
Assembly Language. For the DAP parallel machine.
- APAREL - A PArse REquest
Language. PL/I extension to provide BNF parsing
- APDL - Algorithmic Processor
Description Language. ALGOL-60-like language
- APESE - The language of the
APE100 SIMD machine. (See TAO.)
- APL - A Programming
Language. Ken Iverson Harvard U 1957-1960. Designed
- APL2 - IBM. An APL extension
with nested arrays. "APL2 Programming:
- APLGOL - H-P? An APL with
ALGOL-like control structure.
- APPLE - Revision of APL for
the Illiac IV.
- AppleScript - An
object-oriented shell language for the Macintosh,
- Applesoft BASIC - Version of
BASIC on Apple computers.
- APPLOG - Unifies logic and
functional programming. "The APPLOG Language",
- APT - Automatically
Programmed Tools. For numerically controlled machine
- APX III - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- AQL - Picture query
language, extension of APL. "AQL: A Relational
- ARCHI - A microarchitecture
description language with C-like syntax,
- Arctic - Real-time
functional language, used for music synthesis. "Arctic:
- ARES - Pictorial query
language. "A Query Manipulation System for Image
- Ariel - Array-oriented
language for CDC 6400. "Ariel Reference Manual", P.
- Argus - LCS, MIT. A
successor to CLU. Supports distributed programming
- Ariel - An array-oriented
language. "A New Survey of the Ariel Programming
- ARITH-MATIC - Alternate name
for A-3.
- ART - Real-time functional
language, timestamps each data value when it was
- ARTSPEAK - Early simple
language for plotter graphics. "The Art of
- ASDIMPL - ASDO
IMPlementation Language. A C-like language, run on
- ASDL - "ASDL - An
Object-Oriented Specification Language for Syntax-
- ASF - An algebraic
specification language. "Algebraic Specification", J.A.
- Ashmedai - Michael Levine
Symbolic math package.
- ASIS - Ada Semantic
Interface Specification. A layered, vendor-independent
- ASF - Algebraic
Specification Formalism. CWI. Language for equational
- ASL - Algebraic
Specification Language. "Structured Algebraic
- ASM - Assembly language on
CP/M machines (and a lot of others).
- ASN.1 - Abstract Syntax
Notation. Data description language, designed for
- ASP - Query language? Sammet
1969, p.702.
- ASpecT - Algebraic
Specification of abstract data Types. Strict functional
- ASPOL - A Simulation
Process-Oriented Language. An ALGOL-like language for
- ASPEN - Toy language for
teaching compiler construction. "ASPEN Language
- ASPIK - Multiple-style
specification language. "Algebraic Specifications
- Aspirin - MITRE Corp. A
language for the description of neural networks.
- ASPLE - Toy language. "A
Sampler of Formal Definitions", M. Marcotty et
- ASSEMBLY - Early system on
IBM 702. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- ASTAP - Advanced STatistical
Analysis Program. Analyzing electronic
- Astral - Based on Pascal,
never implemented. "ASTRAL: A Structured and
- AT-3 - Original name of
MATH-MATIC. Sammet 1969, p.135.
- ATLAS - Abbreviated Test
Language for Avionics Systems. MIL-spec language
- Atlas Autocode - Autocode
for the Ferranti Atlas, which may have been the
- Atlas Commercial Language -
[?]
- ATOLL - Acceptance, Test Or
Launch Language. Language used for automating
- A'UM - K. Yoshida and T.
Chikayama . Built on top of KL1.
- Aurora - "The Aurora
Or-Parallel Prolog System", E. Lusk et al, Proc 3rd
- Autocode - Alick E. Glennie,
1952. AUTOCODER was possibly the first
- AUTOGRAF - Describing bar
charts. "User's Manual for AUTOGRAF", Cambridge
- AUTOGRP - AUTOmated GRouPing
system. Interactive statistical analysis. An
- Autolisp - Dialect of LISP
used by the Autocad CAD package, Autodesk,
- AUTOMATH - Eindhoven,
Netherlands. A very high level language for writing
- Autopass - "Autopass: An
Automatic Programming System for Computer-
- AUTO-PROMPT - Numerical
control language from IBM for 3-D milling. Sammet
- Autostat - "Autostat: A
Language for Statistical Programming", A.S. Douglas
- AVA - A Verifiable Ada.
Michael Smith. A formally defined subset of Ada,
- Avalon/C++ - 1986.
Fault-tolerant distributed systems, influenced by
- Avalon/Common LISP -
Prototype only. "Reliable Distributed Computing with
- Avon - Dataflow language.
"AVON: A Dataflow Language", A. Deb, ICS 87,
- AXIOM - IBM. Commercially
available subset of Scratchpad. "Axiom - The
- AXIS - H-P. Algebraic
language with user-definable syntax. [?]
- AXLE - An early string
processing language. Program consists of an
- AWK - Aho Weinberger
Kernighan. 1978. Text processing/macro language.
- B -
- B-0 - Original name of
FLOW-MATIC, Remington Rand. UNIVAC I or II ca.
- Babbage - GEC Marconi Ltd.
Named after "the first programmer to slip
- BABEL -
- BABYLON - Development
environment for expert systems.
- BACAIC - Boeing Airplane
Company Algebraic Interpreter Coding system.
- BAL - Basic Assembly
Language. What most people called IBM 360 assembly
- BALGOL - ALGOL on Burroughs
220. Sammet 1969, p.174.
- BALITAC - Early system on
IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- BALM - Block And List
Manipulation. Harrison, 1970. Extensible language
- BAP - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Baroque - Boyer & Moore,
1972. Early logic programming language.
- BASCMP - A modification of
STAGE2, used to implement the Basic Wisp
- bash - Bourne Again SHell.
GNU's command shell for Unix.
- BASIC - Beginner's
All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. John G. Kemeny &
- BASIC AUTOCODER - Early
system on IBM 7070. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- Basic COBOL - Subset of
COBOL from COBOL-60 standards. Sammet 1969, p.339.
- Basic FORTRAN - Subset of
FORTRAN. Sammet 1969, p.150.
- Basic JOVIAL - Subset of
JOVIAL, ca. 1965. Sammet 1969, p.529.
- bawk - Bob Brodt. AWK-like
pattern-matching language, distributed with
- bc - [Belinda's Calculator?]
An interactive mini-language for numerical
- BC NELIAC - Version of
NELIAC, post 1962. Sammet 1969, p.197.
- BCL - Successor to Atlas
Commercial Language. "The Provisional BCL
- BCPL - Basic CPL. Richards
1969. British systems language, a descendant
- BDL - Block Diagram
Compiler. A block-diagram simulation tool, with
- BeBOP - Combines sequential
and parallel logic programming, object-oriented
- BEGL - Back End Generator
Language. A code generator description language.
- BELL - Early system on IBM
650 and Datatron 200 series. [Is Datatron
- BER - Basic Encoding Rules.
Provides a universal (contiguous)
- Bertrand - (named for the
British mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872-
- BETA - Kristensen,
Madsen, Moller-Pedersen & Nygaard,
- BIOR - Early system on
UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- BLAZE - Single assignment
language for parallel processing. "The BLAZE
- BLAZE 2 - Object-oriented
successor to BLAZE. "Concurrent Object Access in
- Blazon - "From Blazon to
Postscript", Daniel V. Klein, LoneWolf Systems,
- B-LINE - Early CAD language.
"B-LINE, Bell Line Drawing Language", A.J.
- BLISS - Basic Language for
Implementation of System Software (or allegedly,
- BlooP - Douglas Hofstadter,
1979. Imperative language, designed for
- Blosim - Block-Diagram
Simulator. A block-diagram simulator. "A Tool for
- BLOX - A visual language.
- Blue - Softech. A language
proposed to meet the DoD Ironman requirements
- BMASF - Basic Module Algebra
Specification Language? "Design of a
- BMDP - BioMeDical Package.
UCB, 1961. Statistical language, first
- BMF - Bird-Meertens
Formalism. A calculus for derivation of a functional
- BNF - Backus Normal Form,
later renamed Backus-Naur Form at the suggestion
- BNR Pascal - "Remote
Rendezvous", N. Gammage et al, Soft Prac & Exp
- BNR Prolog - Constraint
logic.
- Bob - David Betz. A tiny
object-oriented language. Dr Dobbs J, Sep 1991,
- BOEING - Early system on IBM
1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- Booster - Data parallel
language. "The Booster Language", E. Paalvast, TR
- BOPL - Basic Object
Programming Language. Minimal object-based language
- BOSS - Bridgport Operating
System Software. Derivative of the ISO 1054
- Boxer - Hal Abelson and Andy
diSessa, Berkeley. A visual language, claims
- BRAVE - ?
- BRIDGE - Component of ICES
for civil engineers. Sammet 1969, p.616.
- Bridgetalk - A visual
language.
- Brilliant - One of five
pedagogical languages based on Markov algorithms,
- BRUIN - Brown University
Interactive Language. Simple interactive language
- bs - A BASIC-like
interactive language, really a sort of super-extended
- BSL -
- BUGSYS - Pattern recognition
and preparing animated movies, for IBM 7094
- Burge's Language - Unnamed
functional language based on lambda-calculus.
- Butterfly Common LISP -
Parallel version of Common LISP for the BBN
- Butterfly Scheme - Parallel
version of Scheme for the BBN Butterfly.
- byacc - See yacc.
- C - Dennis Ritchie, Bell
Labs, ca. 1972. Originally a systems language for
- C* - Thinking Machines,
1987. Superset of ANSI C, object-oriented, data-
- C++ - Stroustrup
. An object-oriented superset of C. In
- C++Linda - "The AUC C++Linda
System", C. Callsen et al, U Aalborg, in
- http://oop.rosweb.ru/Other/258.html
- C-10 - Improved version of
COLINGO. Sammet 1969, p.702.
- C with Classes - Short-lived
predecessor to C++. "Classes: An Abstract
- CADET - Computer Aided
Design Experimental Translator. Sammet 1969, p.683.
- CAFE - "Job Control
Languages: MAXIMOP and CAFE", J. Brandon, Proc BCS Symp
- CAGE - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- CAJOLE - Dataflow language.
"The Data Flow Programming Language CAJOLE: An
- CAL - Course Author
Language. CAI language for IBM 360. "Design of a
- Caliban - Kelly, Imperial
College. Declarative annotation language,
- http://oop.rosweb.ru/Other/267.html
- CAMAL - CAMbridge ALgebra
system. Symbolic math used in Celestial
- Camelot Library - "The
Camelot Library", J. Bloch, in Guide to the Camelot
- CAMIL - Computer
Assisted/Managed Instructional Language. Used for CAI at
- CAML -
- CAML Light - Xavier Leroy.
CAML subset. A small portable implementation,
- Candle - Language used in
Scorpion environment development system. Related
- Cantor - Object-oriented
language with fine-grained concurrency. Athas,
- CASE SOAP III - Version of
SOAP assembly language for IBM 650. Listed in
- CAT - Common Abstract Tree
Language. R. Voeller & Uwe Schmidt, U Kiel,
- CATO - FORTRAN-like CAI
language for PLATO system on CDC 1604. "CSL PLATO
- C/ATLAS - DoD test language,
variant of ATLAS.
- CAYLEY - Symbolic math
system for group theory. John Cannon, U Sydney,
- CBASIC - Gordon Eubanks, now
at Symantec. A BASIC compiler. Evolved
- cc - Concurrent Constraints.
A family of languages generalizing CLP,
- CC++ - Compositional C++.
Extensions to C++ for compositional parallel
- CCalc - Symbolic math for
MS-DOS, available from Simtel.
- CCL -
- CCLU - Cambridge CLU. G.
Hamilton et al, CUCL. CLU extended to support
- CCP - Concurrent Constraint
Programming. Not a language, but a general
- CCS - Calculus of
Communicating Systems. "A Calculus of Communicating
- CCSP - Based on CSP.
"Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes - A
- CDIF - CASE Data Interchange
Format. Used by Cadre and other CASE tool
- CDL -
- Cecil - Object-oriented
language combining multi-methods with a classless
- Cedar - Xerox PARC. Superset
of Mesa, adding garbage collection, dynamic
- CEEMAC+ - Graphics language
for DOS 3.3 on Apple ][.
- CELIP - A cellular language
for image processing. "CELIP: A cellular
- CELLAS - CELLular
ASsemblies. A concurrent block-structured language.
- CELLSIM - Modeling
populations of biological cells. "CELLSIM II User's
- CELP - Computationally
Extended Logic Programming. "Computationally
- CESP - Common ESP. AI
Language Inst, Mitsubishi - Object-oriented extension
- CESSL - CEll Space
Simulation Language. Simulating cellular space models.
- CFD - Computational Fluid
Dynamics. FORTRAN-based parallel language for
- CFP - Communicating
Functional Processes. "Communicating Functional
- CGGL - ("seagull")
Code-Generator Generator Language. A machine-
- CGOL - V.R. Pratt, 1977. A
package providing ALGOL-like surface syntax for
- CHAMIL - Sperry Univac. A
Pascal-like microprogramming language. "CHAMIL
- CHARITY - Cockett, Spencer,
Fukushima, 1990-1991. Functional language
- CHARM -
- CHARM++ - An object-oriented
parallel programming system, similar to CHARM
- Charme - Bull, 1989. A
language with discrete combinatorial constraint
- CHARYBDIS - LISP program to
display math expressions. Related to MATHLAB.
- CHASM - CHeap ASseMbler.
Shareware assembler for MS-DOS.
- CHI - A wide spectrum
language, the forerunner of Refine. "Research on
- CHILI - D.L. Abt. Language
for systems programming, based on ALGOL 60 with
- CHILL - CCITT HIgh-Level
Language. ca. 1980. Real-time language widely
- CHIP -
- CHIP-48 - Reimplementation
of CHIP-8 for the HP-48 calculator. Andreas
- CHIP-8 - RCA, Late 70's.
Low-level language (really a high-level machine
- CHISEL - An extension of C
for VLSI design, implemented as a C
- CHOCS - Generalization of
CCS. "A Calculus of Higer-Order Communicating
- CIAL - Interval constraint
logic language. Contains a linear Gauss-Seidel
- CIEL - Object-oriented
Prolog-like language. "CIEL: Classes et Instances
- CIF - Caltech Intermediate
Form. Geometry language for VLSI design, in
- Cigale - A parser generator
language with extensible syntax. "CIGALE: A
- CIL - Common Intermediate
Language. "Construction of a Transportable,
- CIMS PL/I - Courant
Institute of Mathematical Sciences PL/I. A PL/I
- CIP-L - CIP Language. (CIP
stands for Computer-aided Intuition-guided
- CIRCAL - "CIRCAL and the
Representation of Communication, Concurrency and
- CITRAN - Caltech's answer to
MIT's JOSS. Sammet 1969, p.217.
- CL - Control Language. Batch
language for the IBM RPG/38, used in
- CLAM -
- Clarion - MS-DOS 4GL.
- CLASP - Computer Language
for AeronauticS and Programming. NASA. Real-
- Classic-Ada -
Object-oriented extension to Ada, said to be Smalltalk-like.
- Clean - Subset of Lean.
Experimental lazy higher-order functional language
- CLEAR - Specification
language based on initial algebras. "An Informal
- CLEO - Clear Language for
Expressing Orders. ICL, 1960's. Used until
- C-Linda - The most widely
used variant of Linda, with C as the base
- CLIP -
- Clipper - Compiled dBASE
dialect from Nantucket Corp, LA. Versions:
- CLIPS - C Language
Integrated Production System. NASA JSC. A language for
- CLISP - Conversational LISP.
A mixed English-like, Algol-like surface
- CLIX - "Overview of a
Parallel Object-Oriented Language CLIX", J. Hur et
- Clock - ? Mentioned in the
documentation for TXL.
- CLOS - Common LISP Object
System. Object-oriented extension to Common
- CLP -
- CLP(R) - Constraint Logic
Programming (Real). Joxan Jaffar, TJWRC & S.
- CLP* - Derivative of CLP.
"CLP* and Constraint Abstraction", T. Hickey,
- CLP(sigma*) - "CLP(sigma*):
Constraint Logic Programming with Regular
- CLU - CLUster. 1974-1975.
CLU is an object-oriented language of the
- Cluster 86 - Shang, Nanjing
U ca1986. Distributed object-oriented
- CMAY - "A Microkernel for
Distributed Applications", R. Bagrodia et al,
- CML -
- Cmm - C Minus Minus.
Scripting language.
- CMS-2 - General purpose
language used for command and control applications
- CO2 - (a blend of C and O2).
Object-oriented database language. GIP
- COALA - "COALA: The Object
Code of the Compiler Producing System", S.
- COBOL - COmmon Business
Oriented Language. 1960. CODASYL Committee, Apr
- COBOL-1961 Extended -
Short-lived separation of COBOL specifications.
- CoCoA - [Symbolic math? On a
Radio Shack CoCo??? I have no idea.]
- Cocol - Coco Language. A
language for writing left-attributed LL(1)
- Code 2.0 - Large-grain
dataflow language. Has a graphical interface for
- CODIL - COntext Dependent
Information Language. Early language for non-
- COFF - Common Object File
Format. Binary file format used by Unix System V
- COGENT - COmpiler and
GENeralized Translator. Compiler writing language
- COGO - Co-ordinate geometry
problems in Civil Engineering. A subsystem of
- Coherent Parallel C - Data
parallel language. "Coherent Parallel C", E.
- COIF - FORTRAN with
interactive graphic extensions for circuit design, on
- COLASL - Early system for
numerical problems on IBM 7030. Special
- COLD - A sugared version of
COLD-K.
- COLD-K - Formal design
kernel language for describing (sequential) software
- COLINGO - Compile On-LINe
and GO. MITRE Corp. English-like query system
- COMAL - COMmon Algorithmic
Language. Benedict Loefstedt & Borge
- COMIT - Victor H. Yngve,
MIT, 1957-8. The first string-handling and
- COMIT II - "Computer
Programming with COMIT II", Victor H. Yngve, MIT
- Comma - COMputable
MAthematics. Esprit project at KU Nijmegen.
- COMMEN - L.J. Cohen. Proc
SJCC 30:671-676, AFIPS (Spring 1967).
- Commercial Translator -
English-like pre-COBOL language for business data
- Common LISP - An effort
begun in 1981 to provide a common dialect of LISP.
- CommonLoops - Xerox. An
object-oriented LISP. Led to CLOS. "CommonLoops:
- Common Objects - H-P. An
object-oriented LISP. "Inheritance and the
- Compact COBOL - Subset of
COBOL defined, but not published, ca. 1961.
- Compas Pascal - Predecessor
of Turbo Pascal, by POLY Data of Denmark.
- COMPASS - COMPrehensive
ASSembler. Assembly language on CDC machines.
- Compel - COMpute ParallEL.
The first single-assignment language. "A
- Compiler-Compiler - Early
compiler generator for the Atlas, with its own
- COMPL - "The COMPL Language
and Operating System", A.G. Fraser et al,
- COMPREHENSIVE - Early system
on MIT's Whirlwind. Listed in CACM 2(5):16
- COMPROSL - COMpound
PROcedural Scientific Language. Language for
- Computer Animation Movie
Language. "A Computer Animation Movie Language
- Computer Compiler - Proposed
language for compiler design. Sammet 1969,
- Computer Design Language -
ALGOL-like language for computer design. "An
- COMSL - COMmunication System
Simulation Language. "COMSL - A Communication
- COMTRAN - "Communications
Computer Language COMTRAN", D.W. Clark et al,
- ConC - Concurrent extension
of C based on DPN (decomposed Petri nets),
- Concert/C - IBM TJWRC, July
1993. A parallel extension of ANSI C with
- CONCUR - "CONCUR, A Language
for Continuous Concurrent Processes", R.M.
- Concurrent Aggregates (CA) -
1990. Concurrent object-oriented language
- Concurrent C -
- Concurrent C++ - "Concurrent
C++: Concurrent Programming with Class(es)",
- Concurrent Clean - An
implementation of CFP. A version of Clean for
- Concurrent CLU - Hamilton,
Cambridge U, 1984. "Preserving Abstraction in
- Concurrent Euclid - J.R.
Cordy & R.C. Holt, U Toronto, 1980. Subset of
- Concurrent LISP - "A
Multi-Processor System for Concurrent Lisp", S.
- Concurent Oberon - not a
separate language, but rather a modification of
- Concurrent Pascal - Brinch
Hansen, 1972-75. Extension of a Pascal subset,
- Concurrent Prolog - Ehud
"Udi" Shapiro, Yale .
- Concurrent Scheme - M.
Swanson . A parallel
- ConcurrentSmalltalk -
Concurrent variant of Smalltalk (what did you
- condela - Connection
Definition Language. A language for defining neural
- CONIC - "Dynamic
Configuration for Distributed Systems", J. Kramer et al,
- Connection Machine LISP -
LISP with a parallel data structure, the
- CONNIVER - AI language for
automatic theorem proving. An outgrowth of
- ConstraintLisp -
Object-oriented constraint language based on CSP. An
- CONSTRAINTS - Constraints
using value inference. "CONSTRAINTS: A Language
- Consul - Constraint-based
[future-based?] language with LISP-like syntax.
- CONVERT -
- cooC - Concurrent
Object-Oriented C. Toshiba. Concurrent object execution
- COOL -
- CORAL -
- CORBIE - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- CORC - CORnell Compiler.
Simple language for student math problems. "The
- Coroutine Pascal - "Control
Separation in Programming languages", Lemon et
- CORREGATE - Based on IT.
Sammet 1969, p.139.
- Correlatives and Conversions
- Data description language used in the Pick
- CORTL - Carl McConnell.
Intermediate language, a form of RTL?
- Coursewriter III - ca. 1976.
Simple CAI language. "Coursewriter III,
- COWSEL - COntrolled Working
SpacE Language. Burstall and Popplestone, U
- CP - A concurrent Prolog.
"The Concurrent Logic Programming Language CP":
- CParaOps5 - Anurag Acharya,
. Parallel version of
- CPL -
- CPS -
- C-Refine - Lutz Prechelt
Symbolic naming of code
- CRISP - Jeff Barnett, SDC,
Santa Monica CA, early 70's. A LISP-like
- CRL - Carnegie
Representation Language. (c)Carnegie Group Inc. Frame
- CROSSTABS - Simple language
for statistical analysis of tabular data.
- Crystal - Concurrent
Representation of Your Space-Time ALgorithms. A
- CS-4 - "CS-4 Language
Reference Manual and Operating System Interface", Ben
- CS-Prolog - Distributed
logic language. "CS-Prolog on Multi-Transputer
- C-Scheme - Joe Bartlett at
DEC/WRL? Dialect of Scheme implemented in and
- csh - C-Shell. William Joy.
Command shell interpreter and script language
- CSL -
- CSM - "CSM - A Distributed
Programming Language", S. Zhongxiu et al, IEEE
- CSMP - Continuous System
Modeling Program. Simulation of dynamics of
- CSP - Communicating
Sequential Processes. 1978. A notation for
- CSP/80 - Based on CSP.
"CSP/80: A Language for Communicating Processes",
- CS/PCode - Used at
Microsoft.
- CSP/k - Concurrent SP/k. A
PL/I-like concurrent language. "Structured
- CSP-S - "Implementation of
CSP-S for Description of Distributed
- CSPS - "Toward Comprehensive
Specification of Distributed Systems", G.
- CS/QCode - Used at
Microsoft.
- CSS/II - Computer System
Simulator II. Like GPSS, for IBM 360. "Computer
- CSSA - Object-oriented
language. "Key Concepts in the INCAS Multicomputer
- CSSL - Continuous System
Simulation Language. Versions include ACSL,
- CSTools - Concurrency
through message-passing to named message queues.
- CTL -
- Cube - Three-dimensional
visual language for higher-order logic. "The Cube
- CUCH - CUrry-CHurch.
Lambda-calculus. "A Type-Theoretical Alternative to
- Culler-Fried System - System
for interactive mathematics. Sammet 1969,
- CUPID - Graphic query
language. "CUPID: A Graphic Oriented Facility for
- CuPit - Parallel language
for neural networks. "CuPit - A Parallel
- CUPL - Cornell University
Programming Language. Simple math problems,
- CWIC - Compiler for Writing
and Implementing Compilers. Val Schorre. One
- CYBIL - Control Data's
system programming language in the 80's. Major
- CYCL - Frame language.
"Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems", D.B.
- CypherText - Interactive
language for text formatting and typesetting.
- D -
- DACAPO - Broad-range
hardware specification language. "Mixed Level
- DACTL - Declarative Alvey
Compiler Target Language. U East Anglia. An
- DAD - Declarative Ada
Dialect. Dialect of Ada intended to aid rapid
- Daisy - Functional. "Daisy
Programming Manual", S.D. Johnson, CS Dept TR,
- DAISY 201 - Early system on
G-15. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- DAP-16 - assembly language
for the Honeywell 2600 test station.
- DAP Fortran - "Efficient
High Speed Computing with the Distributed Array
- DAPLEX - "The Functional
Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX", D.W.
- DARE - Differential Analyzer
REplacement. A family of simulation languages
- Darms - Music language. "The
Darms Project: A Status Report", R.F.
- Dartmouth BASIC - Term for
the original BASIC by Kemeny & Kurtz.
- DAS - Digital Analog
Simulator. Represents analog computer design.
- DASL - Datapoint's Advanced
System Language. Gene Hughes. A cross between
- Data/BASIC - Also known as
Pick BASIC. A BASIC-like language with database
- DATABUS - DATApoint BUSiness
Language. Like an interpreted assembly
- DATACODE I - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16
- Dataparallel-C - Hatcher
& Quinn, U New Hampshire. C with parallel
- Data Parallel Haskell - Adds
PODs and POD comprehensions to Haskell.
- Data Structures Language -
MAD dialect with extensions for lists and
- DATA-TEXT - Harvard.
Numerical computations in the Social Sciences.
- DataVis - Dataflow language
for scientific visualization. "Data Flow
- dBASE - Language used by the
dBASE system. First release was dBASE II, ca
- DBC - Data-parallel
Bit-serial C. SRC, Bowie MD. Based on MPL.
- dBFAST - dBASE dialect for
MS-DOS, MS-Windows.
- DBPL - Procedural language
with relational database constructs. A
- dBXL - dBASE-like
interpreter/language for MS-DOS from WordTech, Orinda,
- dc - Desk Calculator. A
stack-based mini-language and its interpreter,
- DCALGOL - Data
Communications ALGOL. A superset of Burroughs Extended
- DCDL - Digital Control
Design Language. A language for simulating computer
- DCG - A variant of BNF.
- DCL -
- DDL -
- DDM - Dataflow language.
"The Architecture and System Method of DDM-1: A
- DEACON - Direct English
Access and CONtrol. English-like query system.
- Delirium - An embedding
coordinate language for parallel programming,
- Delta -
- Delta-Prolog - Prolog
extension with AND-parallelism, don't-know
- DEMON - Program generator
for differential equation problems. N.W.
- Design System language - J.
Gaffney, Evans & Sutherland 1976. Interpretive
- DETAB - DEcision TABle. A.
Chapman, 1964. Decision table COBOL
- DETOL - Directly Executable
Test Oriented Language. Simple language to
- Deva - Functional. "The
Generic Development Language Deva: Presentation
- DEX - W. van Oortmerssen. A
cross between Modula-2 and C.
- DFC - Dataflow language.
"Data Flow Lanuage DFC: Design and
- DG/L -
- DIALECT - High-level
language for LALR grammars. Part of Software Refinery
- DIALOG - Illinois Inst Tech,
1966. Interactive math using graphics tablet.
- DIAMAG - An interactive
extension of ALGOL. Sammet 1969, p.195.
- Diamond - One of five
pedagogical languages based on Markov algorithms,
- DIANA - Descriptive
Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada. Goos & Wulf,
- DIBOL - Digital Interactive
Business Oriented Language. DEC, 1970.
- Dictionary APL - nickname
for Sharp APL.
- Dijkstra's guarded command
language - Edsger Dijkstra, ca. 1974.
- DIMATE - Depot Installed
Maintenance Automatic Test Equipment. For
- DinnerBell - Object-oriented
dataflow language with single assignment.
- DINO - Data parallel
language, a superset of C. "The DINO Parallel
- Disiple - DSP language. "A
Compiler that Easily Retargets High Level
- Dislang - "Dislang: A
Distributed Programming Language/System", C. Li et
- Distributed Eiffel -
"Distributed Eiffel: A Language for Programming Multi-
- Distributed Processes -
(Also "DP"). First concurrent language based on
- Distributed Smalltalk - "The
Design and Implementation of DIstributed
- DL/1 - Query language,
linear keyword.
- DLG - DFA-based Lexical
analyzer Generator. Part of PCCTS (Purdue
- DLP - Logic programming
similar to Prolog, combined with parallel object
- DLX - Assembly language.
"Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach",
- DMAD - Diagnostic Machine
Aid-Digital. Functional testing of digital
- DMALGOL - ALGOL with
extensions to interface to DMS II, the Burroughs
- DML -
- Doc - Directed Oc.
"Programming Language Doc and Its Self-Description, or
- DOCUS - Display Oriented
Computer Usage System. Interactive system using
- DoD-1 - Unofficial name of
the language that became Ada.
- DOUGLAS - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- DOL - Display Oriented
Language. Subsystem of DOCUS. Sammet 1969, p.678.
- DOVPA - Dijkstra's Own
Version of Pidgin Algol. See "Dijkstra's guarded
- DOW COMPILER - Early system
on Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16
- DOWL - Distributed OWL. B.
Achauer, U Karlsruhe. An extension of Trellis
- d-Prolog - Prolog extended
with defeasible reasoning.
- DPL - DECmmp Parallel
Language. C-like parallel language for the DECmpp
- DPL-82 - "DPL-82: A Language
for Distributed Processing", L. Ericson, Proc
- DPS - Real-time language
with direct expression of timing requests.
- dpSather - Data-parallel
Sather. Fine-grained deterministic parallelism
- draco - Chris Gray, 1987. A
blend of Pascal, C and ALGOL 68. Implemented
- DRAGON - Implementation
language used by BTI Computer Systems.
- DRAGOON - Colin Atkinson,
Imperial College 1989. (current address:
- DROOL - Dave's Recycled
Object-Oriented Language. Language for writing
- DRUCO I - Early system on
IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- DSL -
- DSM -
- DSP/C - Numerical extension
to C, for DSP applications. "DSP/C: A Standard
- DSP32 Assembly Language - A
high-level assembly language for the DSP32
- DSPL: Digital Signal
Processing Language. A C-derived DSP language. "The
- DTALGOL - Decision Table
Algol. Victoria U, Wellington. An ALGOL superset
- DUAL-607 - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Dual FCP - [?]
- DuoTalk - Smalltalk-like
language with separate inheritance hierarchies for
- Durra - Description language
for coarse-grained concurrency on
- DYANA - DYnamics ANAlyzer.
Early specialized language for vibrational and
- Dylan - DYnamic LANguage.
Advanced Technology Group East, Apple Computer.
- Dynace - DYNAmic C language
Extension. Blake McBride, 1993. Extension of
- DYNAMO - DYNamic MOdels.
Phyllis Fox & A.L. Pugh, 1959. Continuous
- DYSAC - Digital Simulated
Analog Computer. Sammet 1969, p.629.
- DYSTAL - DYnamic STorage
ALlocation. Adds lists, strings, sorting,
- E -
- Eagle - dBASE-like dialect
bundled with Emerald Bay, sold by Migent from
- Ease - General purpose
parallel programming language, combining the process
- EASE II - Early system on
IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- EASIAC - Early system on
Midac computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- EASY FOX - Early system on
JOHNNIAC computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- EBASIC - Gordon Eubanks, now
at Symantec. Form of BASIC that led to
- EBNF - Extended BNF.
Backus-Naur Form with one or more added constructs,
- ECAP II - Electronic Circuit
Analysis Program. Simple language for
- Echidna - Constraint logic
programming embedded in an object-oriented
- ECL - Extensible CL.
Wegbreit, ca 1970. "The ECL Programming System", B.
- ECMA - Subset of ALGOL.
Sammet 1969, p.180.
- ECP - Extended Concurrent
Prolog. Concurrent Prolog with OR parallelism,
- ECRC-Prolog - Evidently
Prolog with coroutine extensions. "ECRC-Prolog
- ECSL - Extended CSL.
Discrete simulation language, successor to CSL.
- ECSP - An extension to CSP,
supporting dynamic communication channels and
- ECSS II - Extendable
Computer System Simulator. An extension of SIMSCRIPT
- ECSSL - Formerly APSE.
Equation-oriented specifications for continuous
- Eden - Concurrent
object-oriented language with both synchronous and
- EDIF - Electronic Design
Interchange Format. Not a programming language,
- Edinburgh Prolog - Prolog
dialect which eventually developed into the
- Edison -
- EDL -
- EFL - Extended FORTRAN
Language. FORTRAN preprocessor to provide
- Eh - "A". Software
Portability Group, U Waterloo. A typeless language
- Eiffel - Bertrand Meyer
ca. 1986. An object-oriented
- Eiffel 3 - Latest version of
the Eiffel language. Available as Eiffel/S
- EL1 - Extensible Language
One. B. Wegbreit, Harvard ca 1974. An
- el(alpha) - Aims to be a
high-level language that knows about real
- Elan - "Top-down Programming
with Elan", C.H.A. Koster, Ellis Horwood 1987.
- ELF - Binary format used by
System V Release 4 Unix.
- ELI -
- ELISP - Chuck Hedrick,
Rutgers. Implemented originally for DEC-20's, later
- Elk - Extension Language
Kit. Oliver Laumann ,
- ELLA - Defence Research
Agency, Malvern UK, 1979. First prototype 1982.
- ELLA 2000 - Version of ELLA
with more powerful generics and user-defined
- Ellie - Object-oriented
language with fine-grained parallelism for
- ELLIS - EuLisp LInda System.
An object-oriented Linda system written for
- ELMAGUIDE - Tallinn Poly
Inst, 1978. Metalanguage used for interpretation
- ELMAMETA - Tallinn Poly
Inst, 1978. A FORTRAN extension used for lexical,
- ELP -
- ELSIE - A distributed
version of ELLIS. "Using Object-Oriented Mechanisms
- EM-1 - Experimental Machine.
An intermediate language, the assembly
- EMA - Extended Mercury
Autocode. (See Autocode).
- EMACS LISP - Richard
Stallman. Variant of LISP used by the EMACS editor.
- Emerald - U Washington,
early 80's. The successor of EPL[3]. A
- EML - Extended ML. A
language for formally specifying SML programs.
- EMPL - Extensible
Microprogramming Language. An early object-oriented
- English - Database language
used in the Pick OS. "Exploring the Pick
- EOL - Expression Oriented
Language. A low-level language for strings.
- EPILOG -
- EPL -
- EPROS - A
specification/prototyping language. Implemented in Franz Lisp.
- EPSILON - P.A. Ershov,
Novosibirsk, 1967. Macro language with high level
- EPSIMONE - Concurrent
simulation language derived from Simone. "EPSIMONE
- EqL - An equational
language. Bharat Jayaraman .
- EQLog - OBJ2 plus logic
programming based on Horn logic with equality.
- Eqn - Language for
typesetting mathematics. "A System for Typesetting
- Equel - Embedded Quel.
INGRES, Inc. Combines QUEL theories with C code.
- Erlang - Armstrong, Williams
& Virding, Ellemtel, Sweden. Concurrent
- ERFPI - Early system on
LGP-30 computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- es -
- ES-1 - Early text editing
interpreter. Sammet 1969, p.684.
- ESCAPE - Early system on IBM
650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- ESI - Dialect of JOSS.
Sammet 1969, p.217.
- esim - A simulation language
for VLSI, at the switch level. Primitives are
- ESP -
- ESPOL - An ALGOL superset
used to write the MCP (Master Control Program) OS
- Estelle - A Pascal extension
for specification of computer network
- Esterel - Distributed
language for synchronous interaction of real-time
- ET - Bernd Gersdorf, U
Bremen. An integration of functional and logic
- ET++ - Weinand, UBILAB
Zurich. A smalltalk-like system for Suns, built on
- ETC - ExTendible Compiler.
FORTRAN-like, macro extendible. "ETC - An
- ETHER - Concurrent
object-oriented language?
- Euclid - (named for the
Greek geometer, fl ca 300 BC.) A Pascal descendant
- EULER -
- EuLisp - 1985-present. LISP
dialect intended to be a common European
- Euphoria - End User
Programming with Hierarchical Objects for Robust
- Eurisko - Lenat 1978.
Language for "opportunistic programming".
- Eva -
- EXAPT - EXtended APT.
- EXEC - Early batch language
for IBM VM/CMS systems. SC19-6209 Virtual
- EXEC2 - IBM, late 70's.
SC24-5219 Virtual Machine/System Product EXEC 2
- expect - A script language
for dealing with interactive programs. Written
- Express -
- Extended ALGOL - An
extension of ALGOL 60, used to write the ESPOL compiler
- Extended C++ - G. Masotti
Extensions to C++
- Extended ML - Don Sannella,
Edinburgh. Algebraic specification meets
- Extended Pascal - ISO, 1992.
A superset of ANSI and ISO Pascal. Many
- EXTRA - Object-oriented,
Pascal style, handles sets. "A Data Model and
- EZ - High-level
string-processing language derived from SNOBOL4, SL5 and
- FAC - Functional Array
Calculator. APL-like but purely functional and
- Facile - SUNY Stony Brook,
late 80's. Since 1991 at ECRC, Munich. Extends
- FACT - Fully Automated
Compiling Technique. ca. 1959. Pre-COBOL
- FAD - "FAD, A Simple and
Powerful Database Language", F. Bancilon et al,
- FAIR - Early system on IBM
705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- FALSE - W. van Oortmerssen.
A small compiled extensible language with
- FAP - Assembly language for
Sperry-Rand 1103 and 1103A. Listed in CACM
- FAS - General purpose
language sponsored by the Finnish government in the
- FASBOL - "FASBOL. A SNOBOL4
Compiler", P.J. Santos, Memo ERL-M134, UC
- FASE - Fundamentally
Analyzable Simplified English. L.E. McMahon, Bell
- FAST - FORTRAN Automatic
Symbol Translator. Assembly language on IBM 650
- FC - Functional language.
"FC Manual", L. Augustsson, Memo 13, Programming
- F-code - Code for the FPM
abstract machine, an optimized SECD machine.
- FCP - Flat Concurrent
Prolog. "Design and Implementation of Flat
- Feel - Free and Eventually
EuLisp. An initial implementation of EuLisp.
- FEL - Function Equation
Language. Programs are sets of definitions.
- FFP - Formal FP. Similar to
FP, but with regular sugarless syntax, for
- FGHC - Flat GHC. A variant
of GHC in which guard calls can be only to
- FGL -
- FGL+LV - "Functional
Programming and the Logical Variable", G. Lindstrom,
- FGRAAL - FORTRAN extended
GRAph Algorithmic Language. A FORTRAN extension
- FIDIL - Based on "maps",
generalized arrays whose index sets ("domains")
- FIDO - FInite DOmains. A
constraint language implemented on top of Prolog.
- Fifth - An enhanced version
of FORTH. M.S. Dissertation, Cliff Click
- File Composition -
Typesetting language. "File Composition System
- F+L - Equational clauses
within function definitions to solve for logical
- FL - Function Level. John
Backus, ca. 1985. Successor to FP. Dynamically
- FLAIR - Early system on IBM
650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- FLAP - Symbolic math, for
IBM 360. "FLAP Programmer's Manual", A.H. Morris
- Flavors - D. Weinreb &
D.A. Moon 1980. LISP
- Fleng - Parallel logic
language. "Massively Parallel Implementation of
- FLEX -
- Flex 2 - ca. 1980. A
preprocessor designed to make FORTRAN look more like
- FLIC - Functional Language
Intermediate Code. Intermediate language used
- FLIP -
- FLIP-SPUR - Early system on
IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- F-Logic - "F-Logic: A
Higher-Order Language for Reasoning about Objects,
- FLOP - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- FlooP - Douglas Hofstadter,
1979. Imperative language, designed for
- FLOW-MATIC or FLOWMATIC -
(originally B-0). Remington Rand, 1958.
- FLPL - FORTRAN List
Processing Language. Rochester, Gelernter, and
- FLUB - First Level Under
Bootstrap. Language for an abstract machine,
- FMPL - Frobozz Magic
Programming Language. Experimental Computing
- FOCAL -
- FOCL - Expert system shell,
a backward chaining rule interpreter for Mac.
- FOCUS - Hierarchical
database language. Information Builders Inc.
- FOIL - File Oriented
Interpretive Language. CAI language. "FOIL - A File
- foogol - Per Lindberg. A
tiny ALGOL-like language based on the VALGOL I
- FOOL - Fool's Lisp. A small
Scheme interpreter.
- FOOP - OBJ2 plus
object-orientation. "Extensions and Foundations for
- FORC - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Force - dBASE dialect for
MS-DOS.
- The Force - Data parallel
language, providing extensions to Fortran for
- ForceOne - Andrew K. Wright.
"Polymorphism in the Compiled Language
- ForceTwo - Andrew K. Wright.
An unofficial successor to ForceOne.
- FORM - Jos Vermaseren
1989. Designed for speedy
- FORMAC - FORmula
MAnipulation Compiler. J. Sammet & Tobey, IBM Boston APD,
- FORMAL -
- FORMAT-FORTRAN - FORTRAN
Matrix Abstraction Technique FORTRAN.
- Formes - Object-oriented
language for music composition and synthesis,
- FORML - Formal Object Role
Modeling Language. CASE language?
- Formula -
- Formula ALGOL - ALGOL
extension for symbolic math, strings and lists.
- Fornax - "Fornax: A General
Purpose Programming Language", J. Storrs Hall,
- Forsythe - An ALGOL-like
language. "Preliminary Design of the Programming
- FORTH - Fourth. Charles H.
Moore, 1960's. An interactive extensible
- FORTRAN - FORmula
TRANslator. The first and still the most widely used
- FORTRAN I - John Backus, IBM
for the IBM 704. Design begun 1954, compiler
- FORTRAN II - 1958. Added
subroutines.
- FORTRAN III - This was only
distributed to ca. 20 sites. See Wexelblat.
- FORTRAN IV - IBM 1962. For
the IBM 7090/94. Many implementations went
- FORTRAN V - Preliminary work
on adding character handling facilities by IBM
- FORTRAN VI - Internal IBM
name for early PL/I work ca. 1963. Sammet 1969,
- FORTRAN 66 - FORTRAN IV
standardized. ASA X3.9-1966.
- FORTRAN 77 - Block IF,
PARAMETER, SAVE statements added, still no WHILE.
- Fortran 90 - Previously
Fortran 8x and Fortran Extended. An extensive
- Fortran D - Ken Kennedy,
Rice U. A data-parallel Fortran. "Fortran D
- Fortran-Linda - Scientific
Computer Assocs .
- Fortran M - Parallel
extensions to Fortran with processes and channels.
- FORTRAN-Plus - FORTRAN for
the DAP parallel machine, implements many
- FORTRANSIT - FORTRAN
Internal Translator. Subset of FORTRAN translated
- FORTRUNCIBLE - A cross
between FORTRAN and RUNCIBLE for the IBM 650.
- FOSIL - Fredette's Operating
System Interface Language. A portable job
- FoxBASE+ - dBASE III+-like
product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.
- FoxPRO - dBASE IV-like
product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.
- FP - Functional Programming.
Backus. Combinator based. "Can Programming
- FP2 - Functional Parallel
Programming. Term rewrite rules used to specify
- FP/M - An intermediate
language for functional languages, used to implement
- FQL - Functional database
language. "An Implementation Technique for
- FrameKit - Frame language.
"The FrameKit User's Guide", E. Nyberg, TR CMU-
- FRANK - "Using BINS for
Interprocess Communication", P.C.J. Graham, SIGPLAN
- Franz Lisp - (named for the
Hungarian composer Franz Liszt (1811-1886)) R.
- FRED - Robert Carr. Language
used by Framework, Ashton-Tate.
- Fresco - Object-oriented
specification language. "Refinement in Fresco",
- Fresh - "Fresh: A
Higher-Order Language Based on Unification", G. Smolka,
- FRINGE - C. Katz, GE, 1961.
Subcomponent of GE-255 GECOM system. Sorting
- FRL - Frame Representation
Language. MIT. "The FRL Manual", R. Roberts et
- FRMT-FTRN - Scientific
language, listed [?] 1976.
- FSL - Formal Semantics
Language. Language for compiler writing. "A Formal
- FSMDL - Finite State Machine
Description Language. [?]
- Fugue - Music language,
implemented in Xlisp. "Fugue: A Functional
- Fun - A typed
lambda-calculus, similar to SOL[2]. "On Understanding Types,
- FUNLOG - Functional
programming plus unification. "Lazy" in the sense that
- FX-87 - Effects. A
polymorphic language based on Scheme, allowing side
- FX-90 - Partial type and
effect reconstruction and first-class modules.
- G -
- Gabriel - Graphical DSP
language for simulation and real systems. "A
- GADS - Picture retrieval
language. "Integrated Geographical Databases: The
- Gaelic - For automated test
programs. Used in military, essentially
- Galaxy - An extensible
language in the vein of EL/1 and RCC. "Introduction
- Galileo - "Galileo: A
Strongly Typed Interactive Conceptual Language", A.
- Gambit - A variant of Scheme
R3.99 supporting the 'future' construct of
- GAMMA -
- GAN - Generating and
Analyzing Networks. "GAN - A System for Generating
- GAP - Groups Algorithms and
Programming. Johannes Meier, Alice Niemeyer,
- GAPLog - General Amalgamated
Programming with Logic. LOGPRO group,
- Gargoyle - For compiler
writing. J.V. Garwick, CACM 7(1):16-20, (Jan
- GARP - Graphical language
for concurrent programming. "Visual Concurrent
- GASP - Graph Algorithm and
Software Package. PL/I extension for
- GAT - Generalized Algebraic
Translator. Improved version of IT. On IBM
- GATE - GAT Extended? Based
on IT. Sammet 1969, p.139.
- Gauss - Aptech Systems [?]
- Gawk - GNU's implementation
of a superset of POSIX awk, a pattern scanning
- GCL -
- G-Code -
- GDPL - Generalized
Distributed Programming Language. "GDPL - A Generalized
- GEA - Graph Extended ALGOL.
Extension of ALGOL-60 for graph manipulation,
- GECOM - For the GE-255.
Somewhat akin to COBOL with some ALGOL features
- Gedanken - John Reynolds,
1970. "GEDANKEN - A Simple Typeless Language
- GEL - Scripting language
used in the object-oriented development
- General Purpose Graphic
Language - "A General Purpose Graphic Language",
- Gentleman's Portable
Coroutine System - Coroutine package in FORTRAN. "A
- GEORGE - Charles Hamblin,
1957. One of the earliest programming languages,
- GEPURS - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Gerald - "Gerald: An
Exceptional Lazy Functional Programming Language",
- GEST - Generic Expert System
Tool. Expert system shell with frames,
- GHC - Guarded Horn Clauses.
K. Ueda. Parallel logic language similar to
- Gia-2 - Gary's Ikonas
Assembler. "Differences Between GIA-2 and C", G.
- GIM-1 - Generalized
Information Management Language. Nelson, Pick,
- GIN5 - Special-purpose macro
assembler used to build the GEORGE 3 operating
- Ginger - U Warwick. Simple
functional language with parallel constructs.
- GIP - General Interpretive
Programme. 1956. An early interpreted language
- GIRL - Graph Information
Retrieval Language. Handling directed graphs.
- GKS - Graphical Kernel
System.
- GL - Graphics Language.
Silicon Graphics.
- Glammar - A pattern
transformation language for text-to-text translation,
- GLASS - General LAnguage for
System Semantics. Esprit project at KU
- Glenda - Seyfarth, Arumugham
and Bickam, U South Mississippi. A
- Glish - Vern Paxson
. Language for buiilding loosely
- Glisp - Generalized LISP.
D.C. Smith, Aug 1990. A coordinated set of
- http://oop.rosweb.ru/Other/809.html
- GLOW - A POP-11 variant with
lexical scope. Reviewed in Byte's UK edition,
- Glypnir - 1966. An
ALGOL-like language with parallel extensions. Similar
- GMAP - GCOS Macro Assembler
Program - Macro assembler for the GCOS-8
- GMPL - A microprogramming
language for an HP machine. "A Microprogramming
- Goedel - Declarative
language for AI, based on many-sorted logic. Strongly
- Gofer - Mark Jones
, Oxford 1991. Similar to
- GOL - General Operating
Language. Subsystem of DOCUS. Sammet 1969, p.678.
- GOM - Good Old MAD. Don
Boettner, U Mich. MAD for the IBM 360. Parts of
- GOOD - Graph-Oriented Object
Database. A graph manipulation language for
- GOSPL - Graphics-Oriented
Signal Processing Language. A graphical DSP
- GP - Early system on UNIVAC
I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- GPL -
- GPM - General Purpose
Macro-generator. Early text-processing language
- GPSS - General Purpose
Systems Simulator. Geoffrey Gordon, 1960. Discrete
- GPX - Early system on UNIVAC
II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- GRAAL - ("Grail") General
Recursive Applicative and Algorithmic Language.
- GRAF - GRaphic Additions to
FORTRAN. FORTRAN plus graphic data types.
- GRAIL - Graphical Input
Language. Flowchart language entered on a graphics
- GRAIN - Pictorial query
language. "Pictorial Information Systems", S.K.
- GRAM - An extension of BNF
used by the SIS compiler generator. "SIS -
- Grapes - A Modula-like
system description language. "GRAPES Language
- Graphic ALGOL - Generation
of shaded perspective picures in real time. "An
- Graphic Language - For
specifying graphic operations. "A Problem Oriented
- GRAPPLE - GRAPh Processing
LanguagE. 1968. "A Directed Graph
- GRASP/Ada - Graphical
Representation of Algorithms, Structures and
- Green - Cii Honeywell-Bull.
A proposed language to meet the DoD Ironman
- GRG - Computer algebra
system for differential geometry, gravitation and
- GRIND - GRaphical
INterpretive Display. Graphical input language for PDP-
- Groff - GNU's implementation
of roff. (See nroff, troff, RUNOFF).
- GSBL - "GSBL: An Algebraic
Specification Language Based on Inheritance", S.
- GSL - Grenoble System
Language. M. Berthaud, IBM, Grenoble. "GSL Language
- GSPL - Greenberg's System
Programming Language. Bernard Greenberg.
- GTML - ? Mentioned in the
documentation for TXL.
- GVL - Graphical View
Language. T.C.N. Graham & J.R. Cordy, Queen's U.
- GW-BASIC - "Gee Whiz" BASIC.
Microsoft's BASIC with graphic extensions.
- Gypsy - Specification and
verification of concurrent systems software.
- GYVE - OS programming
language, highly modular (similar to Modula?) "GYVE,
- HAL/S - Real-time language
used by NASA for onboard shuttle software.
- HALGOL - Hewlett-Packard. A
simple language for communicating with devices
- HALMAT - Intermediate
language used by HAL/S.
- Haskell - (named for the
logician Haskell B. Curry). April 1990. Designed
- HASL - SASL plus conditional
unification. "A Prological Definition of
- HCLP - Hierarchical CLP.
"Constraint Hierarchies and Logic Programming",
- HCPRVR - "HCPRVR: An
Interpreter for Logic Programs", D. Chester in Proc
- HDFL - Single assignment
language. "Methods for Handling Structures in
- HDM - See SPECIAL.
- HELP -
- HEQS - E. Derman. Constraint
language for financial modeling. Uses an
- HERAKLIT - A distributed
object-oriented language. "Definition einer
- Hermes - IBM, June 1990. An
imperative, strongly typed process-oriented
- HIBOL - A variant of DIBOL,
used in Infotec computers.
- High Performance Fortran -
Proposed extension to Fortran 90 with additional
- HiLog - W. Chen et al, Stony
Brook, 1989. Logic programming in higher
- HINT - Hierarchical
Information NeTs. For CDC 3600. "HINT: A Graph
- HLISP - "Monocopy and
Associative Algorithms in an Extended Lisp", E. Goto,
- HLL - A machine-independent
high level microprogramming language.
- HOL - Higher Order Logic. A
proof-generating system for higher order logic
- Honeywell-800 Business
Compiler - Another name for FACT. Sammet 1969,
- HOOK - ? Object Oriented
Kernel. Delphia. An object-oriented extension of
- Hope - ("springs eternal"
and so forth.) R.M. Burstall, U Edinburgh 1978.
- Hope+ - Alvey Flagship
project, Imperial College. An extension of Hope
- Hope+C - Alvey Flagship
project, Imperial College. Further evolution of
- HOS-STPL - Hospital
Operating System - STructured Programming Language. A
- HPcode - Stack-based
intermediate language used by HP in many of its
- HPCode-Plus - Descendant of
HPcode with data types, developed to be an ANDF
- HPF - (see High Performance
Fortran).
- HP-GL - Hewlett-Packard
Graphics Language. Vector graphics language used
- HP-GL/2 - "HP-GL/2
Programmer's Guide", No. 5959-9733, HP. (See PCL.)
- HPL - Language used in
HP9825A/S/T "Desktop Calculators", 1978(?) and
- HSL-FX - Hierarchical
Specification Language - Function Extension.
- HTML - HyperText Markup
Language. Markup language used by the World Wide
- HTML+ - Successor to HTML,
will encode more structure. Under development.
- HUGO - Geac. A
bytecode-interpreted transaction handler.
- Hybrid - Concurrent
object-oriented language. "Active Objects in Hybrid",
- Hyper-C - HyperParallel
Tech, France. Data parallel extension of C, for
- Hyperscript - Informix. The
object-based programming language for Wingz,
- HyperTalk - Bill Atkinson
and Dan Winkler. A verbose semicompiled language
- HyTime - A hypermedia
extension of SGML. "The HyTime Hypermedia/Time-based
- IAL - International
Algebraic Language. Original name of ALGOL 58.
- IAM - Interactive Algebraic
Manipulation. Interactive symbolic math for
- IBEX - Command language for
Honeywell's CP-6 OS.
- ICES - Integrated Civil
Engineering System. Subsystems include COGO,
- ICETRAN - An extension of
FORTRAN IV. Component of ICES. Sammet 1969,
- ICI - Tim Long. Interactive
C Interpreter? Interpreted language, syntax
- Icon - Griswold, 1970's. A
descendant of SNOBOL4 with Pascal-like syntax.
- Iconicode - 1990-1992.
Visual dataflow language, token-based with
- IC-Prolog - Clark &
McCabe, Imperial College 1979. Logic language with
- IC Prolog ][ - Imperial
College. A Prolog with multithreading, TCP
- Id - Irvine Dataflow. Arvind
& Gostelow. Single assignment language, used
- IDAMS - Pictorial retrieval
language, implemented in APL. "Concept of the
- IDEA - Interactive Data
Entry/Access. Data General. A language in which
- IDEAL - Van Wyk, Stanford
1980. Numerical constraint language for
- IDL -
- IDMS - Pictorial query
language, an extension of Sequel2. "A Management
- Id Nouveau - Arvind
& Nikhil , LCS
- IDOL - Icon-Derived Object
Language. Object-oriented preprocessor for
- IDS/I - Integrated Data
Store. Extension to COBOL involving "chains"
- IF1 - Graph language used as
an intermediate language for dataflow
- IF2 - Graph language used by
the OSC SISAL compiler, a superset of IF1.
- IFIP - Subset of ALGOL.
Sammet 1969, p.180.
- IFP - Illinois FP. Arch
Robinson. Variant of FP with Algol-like syntax.
- IFX - "Type Reconstruction
with First-Class Polymorphic Values", J. O'Toole
- IGL - Interactive Graphic
Language. Used primarily by Physics Dept at
- IIS - Idealized Instruction
Set. Assembly language for the Flagship
- IITRAN - Simple PL/I-like
language for students, on IBM 360. "The IITRAN
- ILIAD - Real time language.
"On the Design of a Language for Programming
- ILLIAC - Assembly language
for the ILLIAC computer. Listed in CACM
- ILOC - Rice U.
Register-oriented intermediate language targeted to PC/RT.
- IMP -
- Ina Jo - [FDM?] "The Ina Jo
Specification Language Reference Manual", J.
- Info BASIC - Variant of Pick
BASIC used with PRIME's PRIMOS.
- INFORM - Early database
language, comparable to dBASE II. Intended for
- Information Algebra -
Theoretical formalism for DP, never resulted in a
- Inglish - English-like
language used for Adventure games like "The Hobbit"
- InnovAda - Object-oriented
extension to Ada, said to be LISP-like.
- Input - See ALPHA.
- INSIGHT - Simulation
modeling language especially for health care problems.
- INTCODE - A low-level
interpreted language used in bootstrapping the BCPL
- INTELLECT - Larry Harris,
1977. A query language, close to natural
- INTERACTIVE - Network
simulation language. "Design and Implementation of a
- INTERCAL - (Allegedly stands
for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable
- INTERCOM - Assembly language
for the G-15. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- Interlisp - Descendant of
BBN-Lisp. Once Interlisp was one of two main
- Intermediate Programming
Language - Arthur W. Burks. A very early attempt
- Interpress - Xerox.
Interpretive FORTH-like graphics language, possibly
- Iota - Specification
language. "The Iota Programming System", R. Nakajima
- IPL - Information Processing
Language. Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw, H. Simon,
- IPS - Threaded language.
"IPS, An Unorthodox High Level Language", K.
- IQ - Pictorial query
language, implemented in Ratfor. "Structured
- IRDATA - Industrial Robot
DATA. A standardized robot control code.
- IRL - Industrial Robot
Language. A high-level language for programming
- Ironman - HOLWG, DoD, Jan
1977, revised Jul 1977. Fourth of the series of
- Isabelle-92 - A generic
theorem prover, supporting a wide variety of
- ISBL - Mathematical query
language.
- ISETL - Interactive SETL.
Gary Levin , Clarkson
- ISIS -
- ISL - Interface
Specification Language. Xerox PARC. Interface description
- ISLisp - International
Standard LISP, ISO WG 16, draft Dec 1992. An
- ISP - Instruction Set
Processor. A family of languages for describing the
- ISPL - Instruction Set
Processor Language. ca 1971. Original ISP
- ISPS - Barbacci,
Carnegie-Mellon 1979. Instruction Set Processor
- ISWIM - If You See What I
Mean. Landin 1966. ISWIM is purely functional,
- IT - Internal Translator.
A.J. Perlis et al, Carnegie Tech ca 1957. Early
- Ivan - A Diana-like language
making up part of VHDL. "VHDL - The Designer
- Iverson's Language - APL,
which went unnamed for many years. Sammet 1969,
- IVTRAN - 1966. Parallel
FORTRAN for the Illiac IV.
- J - Derivative and redesign
of APL. Purely functional with lexical scope
- J3 - Dialect of JOVIAL.
"Military Standard JOVIAL (J3)", MIL-STD-1588
- J73 - Yep, another JOVIAL
dialect. "Military Standard JOVIAL (J73)",
- JACAL - JAffer's CAnonical
ALgebra. A. Jaffer.
- Jade -
- JaM - John and Martin. J.
Warnock & M. Newell, PARC 1978. Interpretive
- Janus -
- JAZ - Early system on
LGP-30. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- JCL - Job Control Language.
Batch language on IBM OS/360 systems.
- JCS-13 - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- JEAN - A dialect of JOSS.
- JOSS - JOHNNIAC Open Shop
System. Charles L. Baker, RAND 1964. An early
- Jossle - [?] Type checked
language with separate compilation using a
- JOVIAL - Jule's Own Version
of IAL. Jules I. Schwartz 1959-1960. Based on
- Joyce - Brinch Hansen.
Distributed language based on Pascal and CSP.
- JPL - JAM Programming
Language. Imperative string-based language, part of
- JPLDIS - Jet Propulsion
Laboratory Display Information System. Jack
- JS - Dialect of JOVIAL.
Sammet 1969, p.639.
- JTS - Simple dialect of
JOVIAL. Sammet 1969, p.528.
- Juno - Numerical
constraint-oriented language for graphics applications.
- Jym - Patrick Bellot,
France. A predecessor to Graal.
- K5 - Early system on Larc
computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Kaleidoscope -
Freeman-Benson , U Washington and
- Kali - Data parallel
language. "Supporting Shared Data Structures on
- KAP - Kernel Andorra Prolog.
"Kernel Andorra Prolog and its Computation
- Karel - Language featured in
Karel the Robot: A Gentle Introduction to
- KBMS - Expert system.
- KCL - Kyoto Common LISP.
Taiichi Yuasa and Masami Hagiya, 1984. Compiles
- K-code. Language recognized
by the K-machine, a virtual machine with an
- KEE - Knowledge Engineering
Environment. Frame-based expert system.
- Kernel Parlog - Modeless
intermediate language for Parlog compilation.
- Kevo - A. Taivalsaari
. Prototype-based object-oriented
- KFX - Kernel language of
FX-87. "Polymorphic Effect Systems", J.M.
- Kid - Kernel language for
Id. A refinement of P-TAC, used as an
- KISS - Early system on IBM
650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- KL0 - Sequential logic
language based on Prolog, for the ICOT project,
- KL1 - Kernel Language 1. An
experimental AND-parallel version of KL0 for
- Klerer-May System - Columbia
U. Early system with special math symbols.
- KL-ONE - Frame language. "An
Overview of the KL-ONE Knowledge
- KLS - Knotted List
Structures. List-processing language, a predecessor of
- KMODEL - An ancestor of
Model-K. "Preliminary Results on the BEHAVIOR
- KOMPILER - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- KRC - Kent Recursive
Calculator. Turner 1981. Lazy functional language
- KRL - Knowledge
Representation Language. A frame-based language. "An
- KRS - Frame-based language
built on Common LISP.
- KRYPTON - Frame language.
"An Essential Hybrid Reasoning System: Knowledge
- ksh - Korn Shell command
interpreter for Unix.
- L0 - Tech U Munich. Low
level language, typed and with ususal flow
- L6 - Bell Telephone
Laboratories Low-Level Linked List Language. Ken
- Lace - Language for
Assembling Classes in Eiffel. Specifies how to
- LADE - Compiler-compiler
language?
- LADY - "Key Concepts in the
INCAS Multicomputer Project", J. Nehmer et al
- Lakota - Scripting
language, extends existing OS commands.
- LAMBDA - A version of typed
lambda calculus, used to describe semantic
- lambda-Prolog - An
extension of standard Prolog, in which terms are typed
- LAMINA - Concurrent
object-oriented language. "Experiments with a
- Language H - NCR. Early
business-oriented language.
- Laning and Zierler - J.H.
Laning Jr and N. Zierler, 1953-1954. Possibly
- LAP - LISP Assembly
Program. Assembly language embedded into early LISP.
- LAP4 - Early assembly
language for Linc-8 machine.
- LAPSE - Single assignment
language for the Manchester dataflow machine. "A
- Larch - John Guttag and Jim
Horning . The Larch
- Larch/Ada - Used in the
Penelope verification system, to provide semantics
- Larch/CLU - Larch
specification language for CLU. Used in Abstraction and
- LaTeX - see TeX.
- LAU - Langage a Assignation
Unique. Single assignment language for the LAU
- LAURE - A language for
knowledge representation combining object
- LAVA - A language for VLSI
that deals with "sticks", i.e. wires represented
- LAX - LAnguage eXample. Toy
language used to illustrate problems in
- LCC - Language for
Conversational Computing. CMU 1960's. Similar to JOSS,
- LCL -
- LCS - Language for
Communicating Systems. Bernard Barthomieu. A
- LDL - "LDL: A Logic-Based
Data-Language", S. Tsur et al, Proc VLDB 1986,
- LDL1 - Successor of LDL.
"Sets and Negation in a Logic Database Language",
- LDT - Logic Design
Translator. Computer system design analysis. Sammet
- LE/1 - Langage External.
"An Evaluation of the LE/1 Network Command
- LEAF -
- Lean - U Nijmegen and U
East Anglia. An experimental language based on
- LEAP - Language for the
Expression of Associative Procedures. ALGOL-based
- LECOM - Version of COMIT on
GE 225 ca. 1966. Sammet 1969, p.419.
- Leda - Tim Budd
, Oregon State U, 1990-1993.
- LeFun - MCC, Austin.
Integration of logic and functional programming.
- Legion - Distributed
language.
- LEGOL - "Application of
MP/3 to the Design and Implementation of LEGOL, A
- Le-Lisp - Jerome Chailloux
and Emmanuel St James, INRIA, France. A LISP
- Leo - General-purpose
systems language, syntactically like Pascal and Y,
- Lex -
- LG - Simple language for
analytic geometry, with graphic output. "LG: A
- LGDF - Large-Grain
DataFlow. "A Large-grain Data Flow Scheduler for
- LGEN - Bell Labs. A logic
language for VLSI implementation. S.C. Johnson,
- LGN - Linear Graph
Notation. A linearized representation of TCOL trees.
- Liana - 1991. Similar to
C++, aimed at Windows applications. No pointers,
- LIDO - Input language for
the attribute evaluator generator LIGA (a
- LiE - Symbolic math aimed
at Lie groups. "LiE, a Package for Lie Group
- LIFE - Logic of
Inheritance, Functions and Equations. Hassan Ait-Kacy
- Lila - Patrick
Salle'. A small assembly-like
- LIMDEP - Linear programming
language used by economists.
- LIMP - "Messages in Typed
Languages", J. Hunt et al, SIGPLAN Notices
- Linc - Burroughs/Unisys
4GL. Designed in New Zealand.
- Lincoln Reckoner - ca 1965.
Interactive math including matrix operations,
- Linda - Yale. A
"coordination language", providing a model for concurrency
- LindaLISP - Yep, you
guessed it.
- Lingo - An animation
scripting language. MacroMind Director V3.0
- LINGOL - LINguistics
Oriented Language. Natural language processing. "A
- LIPL - Linear IPL. A
linearized (i.e. horizontal format) version of IPL-V.
- LIS - Langage
Implementation Systeme. Ichbiah, 1973. A predecessor of
- LISA - Statistical data
analysis. Similar to S.
- LISP - LISt Processing.
John McCarthy et al, MIT
- LISP 2 - LISP 1.5 with an
ALGOL60-like surface syntax. Also optional type
- LISP70 - LISP dialect, a
descendant of MLISP and MLISP2. Also known as
- LISP A - "LISP A: A
LISP-like System for Incremental Computing", E.J.
- Lispkit Lisp - Purely
functional version of LISP. "Functional Programming,
- Lisp-Linda - P. Dourish, U
Edinburgh 1988.
- LISP Machine LISP - An
extension of Maclisp, now called Zetalisp.
- Lisptalk - "Concurrent
Programming Language Lisptalk", C. Li, SIGPLAN
- LITHE - Object-oriented
with extensible syntax. "LITHE: A Language
- LITTLE - Typeless language
used to produce machine-independent software.
- Little Smalltalk - A
line-oriented near-subset of Smalltalk-80. "A Little
- LLM3 - J. Chailloux.
Assembly language for a virtual machine, the
- LM3 - The Larch interface
language for Modula-3. (See Larch). "LM3: A
- LML -
- LNF - "A Fully Lazy Higher
Order Purely Functional Programming Language
- L&O - Logic and
Objects. Implemented as a front end for IC Prolog. "Logic
- LO - Linear Objects.
Concurrent logic programming language based on
- {log} - "{log}: A Logic
Programming Language with Finite Sets", A Dovier et
- LogC - C extension
ncorporating rule-oriented programming, for AI
- Logic Design Language -
Language for computer design. "A System
- LOGIN - Integration of
logic programming and inheritance. "LOGIN: A Logic
- LOGLAN - Inst Informatics,
Warsaw U. Object-oriented. Not to be confused
- LOGLISP - Robertson &
Sibert, Syracuse 1980. A Prolog-like language called
- LOGO - Developed 1966-1968
by a group at Bolt, Beranek & Newman headed by
- LOGOL - Strings are stored
on cyclic lists or 'tapes', which are operated
- LOLITA - Language for the
On-Line Investigation and Transformation of
- Lolli - (named for the
"lollipop" operator "-o") Based on linear logic, in
- LOM - Toulouse, early
1980's. Language for data processing.
- LOOK - Specification
language. "A Look at Algebraic Specifications", S.N.
- LOOKS -
- LOOPN - U Tasmania. An
object-oriented language for simulation of Petri
- LOOPS - Lisp
Object-Oriented Programming System. Xerox's object-oriented
- LOP - Language based on
first-order logic. "SETHEO - A High-Perormance
- Lore -
- LOTIS - LOgic, TIming,
Sequencing. Describes a computer via its data flow.
- LOTOS - Specification
language based on temporal ordering. "The Formal
- Lout - J. Kingson
Embedded language for the lout
- Low-Ada - An intermediate
language for Ada, intended for formal
- LOWL - Abstract machine for
bootstrapping ML/1. Mentioned in Machine
- LPC - ca 1988. Variant of C
used to program the LP MUDs, programmable
- LPG -
- LPL - List Programming
Language. LISP-like language with ALGOL-like
- LPS - Sets with restricted
universal quantifiers. "Logic Programming with
- LRLTRAN - Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory TRANslator. FORTRAN extension with
- LSL -
- LSYD - Language for SYstems
Development. PL/I-like language with data
- LT-2 - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- LTR - Langage Temps-Reel. A
French predecessor to Ada, Modula-like with a
- LTR2 -
- LTR3 - Parayre, France. Saw
wide use by French military and avionics.
- Lua - TeCGraf, Pontifical
Cath U Rio de Janeiro (PUC/Rio), 1994. Pascal-
- LUCID -
- Lucinda - Combines
Russell-like polymorphism with Linda-like concurrency.
- Lucy - Distributed
constraint programming language. An actor subset of
- LUKKO - Heinanen, 1983. An
object-oriented microprogramming language,
- LUSTRE - Real-time dataflow
language for synchronous systems, especially
- LYaPAS - (Russian acronym
for "Logical Language for the Representation of
- LYNX - U Wisc 1984.
Language for large distributed networks, using remote
- LYRIC - Language for Your
Remote Instruction by Computer. CAI language
- M -
- M3 - Macro processor,
forerunner of M4, for the AP-3 mini.
- M4 - Macro processor for
Unix and GCOS. "The M4 Macro Processor",
- M5 - A. Dain, U Cincinnati,
1992. Macro processor, a generalization of M4.
- M6 - Yet another macro
processor. Mentioned in Don Libes, "Life with
- MAC - Early system on
Ferranti Mercury. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Mac-1 - Assembly language
used in Structured Computer Organization, A.S.
- MAC - ca 1959. Mercury
Autocode 2. One of the first extensible languages,
- MAC-360 - ca. 1967. Solving
numerical problems using equation-like input.
- Macaulay - Mike Stillman
and Dave Bayer
- MACE - Concurrent
object-oriented language.[?]
- Machiavelli - Peter Buneman
& Atsushi Ohori, U Pennsylvania, 1989. An
- MACL - Macintosh Allegro
CL. Former name of MCL.
- MacLisp - MIT AI Lab, late
1960's. Later used by Project MAC, Mathlab, and
- MACRO -
- Macro SAP - Macro
processing modification of SAP. D.E. Eastwood and D.M.
- MACSYMA - Project MAC's
SYmbolic MAnipulator. Joel Moses
- MAD -
- Mad/1 - A later, much
enhanced version of MAD, for the IBM 360. Michigan's
- MADCAP - Math and set
problems, for the Maniac II and CDC 6600. "MADCAP -
- MADTRAN - Early
preprocessor that translated FORTRAN to MAD, for gain in
- MAGIC - Early system on
Midac computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Magic Paper - Early
interactive symbolic math system. Sammet 1969, p.510.
- Magma2 - Language that
allows programmability of the control environment,
- MagmaLISP - Predecessor of
Magma2. "MagmaLISP: A Machine Language for
- MAGNUM - Tymshare Inc, late
70's. Database language for DEC-10's, used
- Magritte - J. Gosling.
Constraint language for interactive graphical
- MAINSAIL - MAchine
INdependent SAIL. From XIDAK, Palo Alto CA, (415) 855-
- Maisie - A C extension with
concurrency via asynchronous typed message
- Make - Language for the
Unix file maintenance utility Make. "Make - A
- MAL - Micro Assembly
Language - Microprogramming language with high-level
- MALPAS IL - TA Consultancy
Services. A strongly typed, block-structured
- Manchester Autocode -
Predecessor of Mercury Autocode. "The Programming
- Mandala - ICOT, Japan. A
system based on Concurrent Prolog. "Mandala: A
- MAO - Early symbolic math
system. A. Rom, Celest Mech 1:309-319 (1969).
- MAP - Mathematical Analysis
without Programming. On-line system under CTSS
- Maple - B. Char, K. Geddes,
G. Gonnet, M. Monagan & S. Watt, U Waterloo,
- MARBLE - A Pascal-like
microprogramming language. "MARBLE: A High Level
- Maril - Machine description
language used by the Marion code generator.
- Markov - [?]
- Marseille Prolog - One of
the two main dialects of Prolog, the other being
- MARSYAS - MARshall SYstem
for Aerospace Simulation. Simulation of large
- MARVIN - U Dortmund, 1984.
Applicative language based on Modula-2,
- Mary - Mark Rain.
Machine-oriented language, a supeset of ALGOL68,
- MAS - Modula-2 Algebra
System. "Modula-2 Algebra System", H. Kredel, Proc
- MASM - Microsoft Assembler
for MS-DOS.
- Massey Hope - Massey U, NZ.
Refinement of Hope+C with improved syntax, and
- Matchmaker - A language for
specifying and automating the generation of
- Mathcad - Symbolic math
environment.
- Mathematica - (name
suggested by Steve Jobs). Wolfram Research, 1988.
- MATHLAB - Symbolic math
system, MITRE, 1964. Later version: MATHLAB 68
- MATH-MATIC or MATHMATIC -
Alternate name for AT-3. Early, pre-FORTRAN
- Matrix Compiler - Early
matrix computations on UNIVAC. Sammet 1969, p.642.
- MATRIX MATH - Early system
on UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- mawk - Mike Brennan
1991. An implementation of
- MAXIMOP - "Job Control
Languages: MAXIMOP and CAFE", J. Brandon, Proc BCS
- MBASIC - Microsoft BASIC.
- MC - Extension of C with
modules. Symbols in other modules can be
- McG360 - Interactive,
similar to PAL[5], for IBM 360. "McG360 Programmer's
- MCL - Macintosh Common
LISP. (Previously MACL.)
- M-Code -
- 1) Intermediate code
produced by the original ETH Modula-2 compiler.
- 2) Intermediate language
for an SECD-like machine, used by the Concert
- MCS - Meta Class System. A
portable object-oriented extension of Common
- MDL - (originally
"Muddle"). C. Reeve, C. Hewitt & G. Sussman, Dynamic
- me too - Peter Henderson,
1984. Functional language for executable
- MELD - Concurrent,
object-oriented, dataflow, modular and fault-tolerant!
- MeldC - Columbia U, 1990. A
C-based concurrent object-oriented
- Melinda - "Melinda: Linda
with Multiple Tuple Spaces", S. Hupfer,
- Mentat - U Virginia.
Object-oriented distributed language, an extension of
- MENTOR - CAI language.
"Computer Systems for Teaching Complex Concepts",
- MENYMA/S - "A Message
Oriented Language for System Applications", A. Koch
- Mercury Autocode - Autocode
for the Ferranti Mercury machine. (See
- MEROON - An object-oriented
system built on Scheme.
- Mesa - Xerox PARC, 1977.
System and application programming for
- META - CDC, ca 1977.
Assembly language for the CYBER 200. CDC Pub
- META 5 - Early
syntax-directed compiler-compiler, used for translating one
- Meta-II - An early
compiler-compiler. "Meta-II: a Syntax Oriented Compiler
- Meta-IV - See VDM-SL.
- Meta-Crystal - A language
for transformations of Crystal programs.
- METAFONT - Knuth. A system
for the design of raster-based alphabets.
- METAL -
- Meta-Vlisp - E. St.James
France. A Lisp dialect with
- Met-English - Metropolitan
Life, early 60's. Fortran-like, with support
- METEOR - A version of COMIT
with Lisp-like syntax, written in MIT Lisp 1.5
- Methods - Digitalk, ca
1985. Line-oriented Smalltalk for PC's, predecessor
- MHDL -
- Mic-1, Mic-2 -
Microprogramming languages, used in Structured Computer
- microAPL - An APL-like
microprogramming language. "High Level
- microPLANNER - G.J. Sussman
et al, MIT. Subset of PLANNER, implemented in
- microTAL - A high level
machine dependent microprogramming language based
- MIDAS - Digital simulation
language. Sammet 1969, p.627.
- MIDL - MicroInstruction
Description Language. "MIDL - A Microinstruction
- MIIS - ("Meese").
Interpreted. One-letter keywords. Similar to MUMPS?
- MIKE - Micro Interpreter
for Knowledge Engineering. Expert system shell
- MILITRAN - Sys Res Group,
ONR 1964. Discrete simulation for military
- MIMIC - J.H. Andrews, NIH
1967. Early language for solving engineering
- MIMOLA - Operational
hardware specification language. "A Retargetable
- Mini-ML - "A Simple
Applicative Language: Mini-ML", D. Clement et al, Proc
- Mini PL/I - A commercial
PL/I subset for the Olivetti Audit 7 minicomputer.
- MINITAB II - Interactive
solution of small statistical problems. "MINITAB
- MINT - Mint Is Not TRAC.
Version of TRAC used as the extension language in
- Miracula - Stefan Kahrs
, LFCS. An implementation of a
- Miranda - (latin for
"admirable", also the heroine of Shakespeare's
- MIRFAC - Mathematics in
Recognizable Form Automatically Compiled. Early
- MISHAP - Early system on
IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16, (May
- MITILAC - Early system on
IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- MIXAL - MIX Assembly
Language. Assembly language for Knuth's hypothetical
- MJS - Early system on
UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- ML -
- ML-2000 - Dialect of ML, an
extension and redesign of Standard ML. Under
- MLAB - Modeling LABoratory.
Interactive mathematical modeling. "MLAB, An
- ML/I - Early macro
translating system. P.J. Brown, CACM 10(10):618-623,
- MLISP -
- ML-Linda - U Edinburgh,
under development.
- ML Threads - Greg Morrisett
. SML/NJ with mutual
- Mma - R. Fateman, 1991. A
fast Mathematica-like system, in Allegro CL.
- MML - Human-Machine
Language. CCITT. Language for telecommunications
- MOBSSL-UAF - Merritt and
Miller's Own Block-Structured Simulation
- Mock Lisp - The LISP used
by the Gosling Emacs editor.
- MODCAL - Version of
HP-PASCAL enhanced with system programming constructs,
- Mode - Object-oriented.
"The Programming Language Mode: Language
- MODEF - Pascal-like
language with polymorphism and data abstraction.
- MODEL - Pascal-like
language with extensions for large-scale system
- MODSIM II - 1986.
Object-oriented modular language for discrete
- Modula - MODUlar LAnguage.
Wirth, 1977. Predecessor of Modula-2, more
- Modula-2 - Wirth, ETH 1978.
Developed as the system language for the
- Modula-2* - M. Philippsen
, U Karlsruhe. Modula-2
- Modula-2+ - P. Rovner et
al, DEC SRC, Palo Alto CA, 1984. Exceptions and
- Modula-3 - L. Cardelli et
al, DEC and Olivetti, 1988. A descendant of
- Modula-3* - Incoprporation
of Modula-2* ideas into Modula-3. "Modula-3*:
- Modula-3pi -
Machine-independent intermediate language for compilation of
- Modula-P - "Modula-P: A
Language for Parallel Programming Definition and
- Modula-Prolog - Adds a
Prolog layer to Modula-2. "Modula-Prolog: A
- Modula/R - Modula with
relational database constructs added. LIDAS Group
- Modular C -
Preprocessor-based extension to C allowing modules. Article by
- Modular Prolog - An
extension of SB-Prolog (version 3.1) extended with ML-
- Modulex - Based on
Modula-2. Mentioned by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt in
- Mona - An experimental
dialect of Oberon. Allows data types to be
- MooZ - Object-oriented
extension of Z. "Object Orientation in Z", S.
- MOPS - Michael Hore. A
derivative of Neon. Multiple inheritance.
- MORAL - Mentioned in "An
Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes, Soft Prac & Exp
- MORTRAN - A public domain
FORTRAN preprocessor for structured programming.
- Mouse - Peter Grogono,
1975. A mighty small macro language. "Mouse, A
- Moxie - Language for
real-time computer music synthesis, written in XPL.
- MP-1 - Assembly language
for the MasPar machine.
- MPGL - Micro-Program
Generating Language. A retargetable register transfer
- MPL -
- MPL II - Burroughs VMS MPL
II Language Reference Manual.
- MPPL - Early possible name
for PL/I. Sammet 1969, p.542.
- M-Prolog -
- MPS III - Solving matrices
and producing reports. "MPS III DATAFORM User
- MPSX - Mathematical
Programming System Extended. Solution strategy for
- MRS - An integration of
logic programming into LISP. "A Modifiable
- MSG.84 - "Analysis and
Design in MSG.84: Formalizing Functional
- MUCAL - Language for
playing music on PDP-8 [?]
- Muddle - Original name of
MDL.
- muFP - Functional language
for hardware design, predecessor to Ruby[1].
- Mul-T - An implementation
of Multilisp built on T, for the Encore Multimax.
- multiC - Wavetracer. A
data-parallel version of C.
- MultiLisp - Parallel
extension of Scheme, with explicit concurrency. The
- Multi-Pascal - Extension of
Pascal-S with multiprocessing features. Used
- MultiScheme - An
implementation of Multilisp built on MIT's C-Scheme, for
- MUMPS - Massachusetts
General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System. A
- MU-Prolog - L. Naish, U
Melbourne 1982. Prolog with 'wait' declarations
- MuSimp - LISP variant used
as the programming language for the PC symbolic
- Muse - OR-parallel logic
programming.
- Music - Bell Labs, 60's. A
series of early languages for musical sound
- MUSL - Manchester
University Systems Language.
- MYSTIC - Early system on
IBM 704, IBM 650, IBM 1103 and 1103A. Listed in
- NASTRAN - NAsa STRess
ANalysis program. Large stress analysis problems.
- Napier - Atkinson &
Morrison, St Andrews U; design began ca. 1985, first
- NAPLPS - North American
Presentation-Level-Protocol Syntax. Format for
- NAPSS - Numerical Analysis
Problem Solving System. Purdue ca. 1965.
- NASTRAN - Engineering
language, listed [?] 1976.
- NATURAL - Software AG,
Germany. Integrated 4GL used by the database system
- Natural English - Used to
mean programming in normal, spoken English.
- Nawk - New AWK. AT&T.
Pattern scanning and processing language. An
- NB - ("New B"?) Original
name of C.
- NDL- Network Definition
Language. Used to program the DCP (Data
- Nebula - ICL. Early
business-oriented language for Ferranti Orion
- NELIAC - Navy Electronics
Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler. 1958-
- Neon - Charles Duff. An
object-oriented extension of FORTH, for the Mac.
- NERECO - NEtwork REmote
COmmunications. CSP with extensions to allow
- NESL - Fine-grained,
functional, data-parallel language with nested data
- NETL - Semantic network
language, for connectionist architectures. "NETL:
- New Flavors - Symbolics. An
object-oriented LISP, successor to Flavors,
- NEWP - NEW Programming
language. Replaced ESPOL on Burroughs Large System.
- NewsClip - Looking Glass
Software. Very high level language for writing
- Newspeak -
- Newsqueak - Concurrent
applicative language with synchronous channels.
- Newton - (named after Isaac
Newton (1642-1727)). Rapin et al, Swiss
- Nexpert Object - Expert
system.
- NFQL - "NFQL: The Natural
Forms Query Language", D. Embley, Trans Database
- NGL - Dialect of IGL.
- NIAL - Nested Interactive
Array Language. Queen's U, Canada. High-level
- NICOL I -
- NIKL - Frame language.
"Recent Developments in NIKL", T.R. Kaczmarek et
- NIL -
- NJCL - Network Job Control
Language. "NJCL - A Network Job Control
- nML - Specification
language for instruction sets, based on attribute
- NODAL - Interpreted
language implemented on Norsk Data's NORD-10 computers.
- Noddy - A simple (hence the
name) language to handle text and interaction
- NOMAD - Database language.
"NOMAD Reference Manual", Form 1004, National
- Nonpareil - One of five
pedagogical languages based on Markov algorithms,
- NORC COMPILER - Early
system on NORC machine. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- NORD PL - Intermediate
language for Norsk Data computers. Sintran III (OS
- Nother - Parallel symbolic
math.
- NPL -
- NPPL - Network Picture
Processing Language. Interactive language for
- N-Prolog - Prolog extended
with explicit negation. Dov Gabbay, J Logic
- Nqthm - Language[?] used in
the Boyer-Moore theorem prover. "Proving
- Nroff - Text formatting
language/interpreter, based on Unix roff. (See
- NUCLEOL - List processing
language, influenced by EOL. J. Nievergelt,
- Nuprl - (pronounced "new
pearl") Nearly Ultimate PRL. Interactive
- NU-Prolog - L. Naish, U
Melbourne. A Prolog with 'when' declarations, the
- NYAP - Early system on IBM
704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- NYU OMNIFAX - Early system
on UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- O2 - ("Object-Oriented").
Object-oriented database language used in the
- Oaklisp - K. Lang and B.
Perlmutter. A portable object-oriented Scheme,
- OBE - Office By Example.
Moshe Zloof, IBM, early 1980's. Sequel to QBE,
- Oberon - Wirth, 1988. A
descendant of Modula-2 eliminating many things:
- Oberon-2 - H. Moessenboeck,
1991. A superset of Oberon-1 to include
- Oberon-V - (formerly
Seneca). R. Griesemer, 1990. Descendant of Oberon
- OBJ - Joseph Goguen 1976. A
family of declarative "ultra high level"
- OBJ2 - Clear-like
parametrized modules. A functional system based on
- OBJ3 - SRI. Based on
order-sorted rewriting. Agent-oriented.
- Object CHILL - "Object
CHILL - An Object Oriented Language for Systems
- Object Lisp - LMI. An
object-oriented Lisp. "ObjectLISP User Manual", G.
- ObjectLOGO - A variant of
LOGO with object-oriented extensions. Lexical
- Object Oberon - H.
Moessenboeck & J. Templ, 1989. Adds classes and methods
- Object-CHILL - Proposed
object-oriented extension of CHILL. G. Diesl et
- Object-COBOL - Micro Focus.
Largely compatible, but a subset of, the
- Object-Oriented Turing -
R.C. Holt , U Toronto,
- ObjectPAL - Object-oriented
database language, part of Borland's MS-Windows
- Object Pascal - Developed
jointly by Apple Computer and Niklaus Wirth. An
- Object-Z - U Queensland.
"The Object-Z Specification Language: Version 1",
- Objective C - Brad Cox,
Productivity Products. An object-oriented superset
- Objlog - CNRS, Marseille.
Frame-based language combining objects and
- ObjVlisp - 1984. An
object-oriented extension of Vlisp. Reflective
- ObjVProlog - Logic
programming and object-orientation, an adaptation of the
- Obliq - Luca Cardelli,
1993. A distributed object-oriented scripting
- Oblog - Object-oriented
extension to Prolog. Small, portable.
- OBSCURE - "A Formal
Description of the Specification Language OBSCURE", J.
- Oc - ("Oh see!") Parallel
logic language. "Self-Description of Oc and its
- OCAL - On-Line
Cryptanalytic Aid Language. "OCAS: On-line Cryptanalytic
- occam - (named for the
English philosopher William of Occam (1300-1349))
- occam 2 - 1987. An
extension of occam1. Occam 2 adds floating point,
- occam 3 - under development
- OCL - Operator Control
Language. Batch language for the IBM System/36,
- OCODE - Assembly language
for a stack-based virtual machine, used as the
- Octave - High-level
language primarily for numerical computations. Real
- odl - Fine-grained active
object oriented design/programming language.
- OIL -
- OISC - One Instruction Set
Computer. Assembly language for a machine based
- OLC - On-Line Computer
system. UCSB ca. 1966. Predecessor of Culler-Fried
- OLDAS - On-line Digital
Analog Simulator. Interactive version of MIMIC,
- OLGA - Ouf! un Langage pour
les Grammaires Attribuees. Inria, 1985.
- Omega - Prototype-based
object-oriented language. Austria. "Type-Safe
- OMNICODE - Thompson, 1956.
Ran on IBM 650. Sammet 1969, p.5.
- OMNIFAX - Alternate name
for NYU OMNIFAX? Early system on UNIVAC I or II.
- OMNITAB - Statistical
analysis and desk calculator. "OMNITAB II User's
- Ondine - "Concurrency
Introduction to an Object-Oriented Language System
- Ontic - Object-oriented
language for an inference system. LISP-like
- OO-CHILL - Proposed
object-oriented extension to CHILL. A. Scortese, "OO-
- OOF - Object-Oriented
Fortran. Data items can be grouped into objects,
- OOPS - "OOPS: A Knowledge
Representation Language", D. Vermeir, Proc 19th
- OOT - Object-oriented
Turing.
- OOZE - Object oriented
extension of Z. "Object Orientation in Z", S.
- OPAL-0 - Predecessor of
OPAL[5].
- OPAL -
- O-plan - Distributed
language.
- OPS -
- OPS5 - Charles L. Forgy.
1977 version of OPS[2], publicly available from
- OPTRAN - R. Wilhelm, U
Saarlandes, early 1980's. Specification language
- Orca - Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, 1986. Similar to Modula-2, but with
- OREGANO - "On the Design
and Specification of the Programming Language
- Orient84/K - Y. Ishikawa,
Keio U, Yokohama. "A Concurrent Object-Oriented
- ORTHOCARTAN - A. Krasinski,
Warsaw, early 80's. Symbolic math, especially
- Orwell - Lazy functional
language, Miranda-like. List comprehensions and
- OSCAR -
- O'small - Small
object-oriented language intended for teaching.
- OSQL - Object-oriented
Structured Query Language. Functional language,
- OSSL - Operating Systems
Simulation Language. "OSSL - A Specialized
- Ottawa Euclid - Variant of
Euclid.
- OWHY - Early functional
language? "A Type-Theoretical Alternative to CUCH,
- OWL - Original name of
Trellis.
- Ox - Language for
specification of attribute grammars. "User Manual for
- Oz - U Saarbrucken.
Object-oriented concurrent constraint language. Based
- P+ - "Experience with
Remote Procedure Calls in a Real-Time Control
- P4 - Rusty Lusk
. A macro/subroutine package for
- PABC - Intermediate
language recognized by the Parallel ABC machine, used
- PACT I - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- PACTOLUS - Digital
simulation. Sammet 1969, p.627.
- Paddle - Language for
transformations leading from specification to
- PAF - Programmation
Auomatique des Formules. Dmitri Starynkevitch, 1957.
- PAGE - Typesetting
language. "Computer Composition Using PAGE-1", J.L.
- PaiLisp - Parallel Lisp
built on Scheme. 1986. "A Parallel Lisp Language
- PAISley - Bell Labs.
Operational specification language. "An Operational
- PAL -
- Pam - Toy ALGOL-like
language used in "Formal Specification of Programming
- Pandora - Parlog extended
to allow "don't-know" non-determinism. "Pandora:
- PANON - A family of
pattern-directed string processing languages based on
- Paragon - Mark Sherman.
IEEE Software (Nov 1991). [?]
- Paralation - PARALlel
reLATION. Sabot, MIT 1987. A framework for parallel
- Paralation LISP - Embeds
the paralation model in Common LISP. Available
- Paralation C - Paralation
embedded in C. Under development.
- ParAlfl - Hudak, Yale.
Parallel functional language, a superset of Alfl.
- Parallaxis - U Stuttgart.
Data-parallel (SIMD) language, based on Modula-
- Parallel C - Never
implemented, but influenced the design of C*.
- Parallel FORTH - For the
MPP.
- Parallel Pascal -
Data-parallel language, similar to Actus and Glypnir.
- Parallel SML - "Parallel
SML: A Functional Language and its Implementation
- Parasol - Parallel Systems
Object Language. Object-oriented, supports
- Pari - Symbolic math,
especially number theory. Version 1.37 for Unix,
- Paris - PARallel
Instruction Set. Low-level language for the Connection
- Parlance - Concurrent
language. "Parallel Processing Structures:
- Parlog - Clark &
Gregory, Imperial College 1983. An AND-parallel Prolog,
- Parlog++ - Andrew Davison
, then Imperial College now U
- PARMACS - Argonne Natl Lab.
The "Argonne macros". A package of macros
- ParMod - "Parallel
Programming with ParMod", S. Eichholz, Proc 1987 Intl
- PARSEC - Extensible
language with PL/I-like syntax, derived from PROTEUS.
- Parsley - Barber, Summit
Software. A Pascal extension for construction of
- PARTS - Digitalk. Visual
language for OS/2 2.0.
- PARULEL - "The PARULEL
Parallel Rule Language", S. Stolfo et al, Proc 1991
- Pascal - (named for the
French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)) N.
- Pascal++ - ISO, 1994. An
extension of Extended Pascal, inspired by Pascal
- Pascal- - Pascal subset
used in Brinch Hansen on Pascal Compilers, P.
- Pascal-2 - [?]
- Pascal-80 - A successor of
Platon. Developed at RC International for
- Pascal+CSP - "Pascal+CSP,
Merging Pascal and CSP in a Parallel Processing
- Pascal-F - Pascal extended
to include fixed-point arithmetic. E. Nelson,
- Pascal-FC - Derived from
Pascal-S, provides several types of concurrency:
- Pascal/L - A SIMD parallel
extension of Pascal. "Implementation of an
- Pascal-Linda - Ian
Flockhart, U Edinburgh, 1991. Under development.
- Pascal-m - "Pascal-m: A
Language for Loosely Coupled Distributed Systems",
- Pascal-P - Variant of
Pascal used by the UCSD p-system environment.
- Pascal Plus - Jim Welsh
& D. Bustard, Queens U, Belfast. Pascal with
- Pascal/R - Pascal with
relational database constructs added. The first
- Pascal-S - Simplified
Pascal. June, 1975. A strict subset of Pascal,
- Pascal-SC - ESPRIT DIAMOND
Project. An extension of Pascal for numerical
- Pasqual - "Pasqual: A
Proposed Generalization of Pascal", R.D. Tennent,
- PASSIM - Simulation
language based on Pascal. "PASSIM: A Discrete-Event
- PASRO - PAScal for RObots.
"PASRO - Pascal for Robots", C. Blume et al,
- PAT -
- Path Pascal - Parallel
extension of Pascal. Processes have shared access
- PC - Parallel C. U Houston.
Extensions to C providing a shared memory
- pC++ - Data parallel
extension to C++. Classes and methods for managing
- PCL -
- PCLIPS - Parallel CLIPS - U
Lowell. Concurrent independent CLIPS expert
- PCN - Program Composition
Notation. Specification language for parallelism
- P-code - The intermediate
code produced by the Pascal-P compiler. Assembly
- PC-TILES - A visual
language. [?]
- PDEL - Partial Differential
Equation Language. Preprocessor for PL/I.
- PDELAN - Partial
Differential Equation LANguage. "An Extension of FORTRAN
- PDIL - Agence
d'Informatique, France, 1970's. Language for description of
- PDL2 - Process Design
Language. Developed for the TI ASC computer. "Texas
- PDS/MaGen - Problem
Descriptor System. Generation of matrices and reports
- PEARL -
- Pebble - Polymorphic. "A
Kernel Language for Abstract Data Types and
- Pebbleman - Jul 1978,
revised Jan 1979. DoD requirements that led to APSE.
- PECOS - Constraint-based
language, built on the object-oriented module of
- PEEL - Used to implement
version of EMACS on PRIME computer. [?]
- PEF - PowerPC Executable
Format. Binary object code format used by Apple.
- PENCIL - Pictorial ENCodIng
Language. On-line system to display line
- Pepper - Chris Dollin
. Variant of POP-11.
- PEPsy - Prolog extended
with parallel modules within which explicit OR-
- Perl - Practical Extraction
and Report Language. Larry Wall
- PFL -
- Pfortran - Parallel
Fortran. U Houston. Extensions to Fortran providing a
- pH - Parallel Haskell. A
parallel variant of Haskell incorporating ideas
- PHOCUS - Object-oriented
Prolog-like language. "PHOCUS: Production Rules,
- PIC - Brian Kernighan.
Graphics meta-language for textually describing
- Pick BASIC - see
Data/BASIC.
- PICL - Language on Ncube or
iPSC machines?
- Pictorial Janus - K. Kahn,
Xerox. Visual extension of Janus. Requires
- pidgen+ - For Apple ][.
Published in DDJ?
- PIE - CMU. Similar to
Actus.
- PIL - Procedure
Implementation Language, subsystem of DOCUS. Sammet 1969,
- PIL/I - Variant of JOSS.
Sammet 1969, p.217.
- PILE -
- PILOT - Programmed Inquiry
Learning Or Teaching. CAI language, many
- PINBOL - Decision table
language for controlling pinball machines used at
- PIRL - Pattern Information
Retrieval Language. Language for digraph
- PIT - Language for IBM 650.
(See IT).
- PL-11 - R.D. Russell, CERN,
Nov 1971. High-level machine-oriented language
- PL360 - Structured assembly
language for IBM 360 and 370, with a few high-
- PL516 - Similar to PL360.
"PL 516, An ALGOL-like Assembly Language for the
- PL-6 - PL/I-like system
language for the Honeywell OS CP-6.
- PL.8 - A systems dialect of
PL/I, developed originally for the IBM 801 RISC
- Pla - High-level music
programming language, written in SAIL. Includes
- PLACE - Programming
Language for Automatic Checkout Equipment. "The
- PLAGO - A
translator-interpreter for a PL/I subset. "PLAGO/360 User's
- PLAIN - Programming
LAnguage for INteraction. Pascal-like, with extensions
- PLAN - Assembly language
for ICL1900 series machines.
- Planet - "An Experiment in
Language Design for Distributed Systems", D.
- PLANIT - Programming
LANguage for Interaction and Teaching. CAI language.
- Plankalkul - Konrad Zuse,
ca. 1945. The first programming language,
- PLANNER - C. Hewitt
MIT 1967. A language for writing
- PLANS - Programming
Language for Allocation and Network Scheduling. A PL/I
- PLASMA - PLAnner-like
System Modeled on Actors. Carl Hewitt, 1975. The
- Plasyd - A structured
assemply language, similar to PL360 but with ICL
- Platon - Distributed
language based on asynchronous message passing.
- PLAY - 1977. Language for
real-time music synthesis. "An Introduction to
- Playground - A visual
language for children, developed for Apple's Vivarium
- PL/C - Slight subset of
PL/I, aimed at student use. "User's Guide to
- PL/I - Programming Language
I. George Radin, 1964. Originally named NPL.
- PL/I SUBSET - Early 70's
version of PL/I for minis.
- PL/I Subset G - ("General
Purpose") The commercial PL/I subset (i.e., what
- PL/I-FORMAC - Variant of
FORMAC. "The PL/I-FORMAC Interpreter", J.
- Plisp - Pattern LISP. 1990.
A pattern-matching rewrite-rule language,
- PLITS - Programming
Language In The Sky. A computational model for
- PL/M - Programming
Language/Microcomputers. Gary Kildall, MAA (later
- PL/MP - C.J. Tan, IBM
TJWRC, 1978. A microprogramming language resembling
- PL/P - Programming
Language, Prime. Russ Barbour, PRIME Computer, late
- PL/PROPHET - PL/I-like
language for the PROPHET system, used by
- PL/S - Programming
Language/Systems. IBM late 60's, for the IBM 360 and
- PL/Seq - Programming
Language for Sequences. A DSP language. "A General
- PLZ - Zilog. A high level
language for programming microprocessors. A
- PLZ/ASM - Similar to PLZ,
but with assembler instructions instead of
- PLUM - U. Maryland.
Compiler for a substantial subset of PL/I for the
- Plural EuLisp - EuLisp with
parallel extensions. "Collections and Garbage
- PLUS - Late 60's.
Machine-oriented systems language used internally by
- PLUSS - Proposition of a
Language Useable for Structured Specifications.
- PLZ - [?]
- PM - "PM, A System for
Polynomial Manipulations", G.E. Collins, CACM
- PML - Parallel ML.
"Synchronous Operations as First-Class Values", J.H.
- PNU-Prolog - A parallel
extension of NU-Prolog, implemented as a
- POCAL - PETRA Operator's
CommAnd Language.
- POFAC - A subset of
Fortran. Mentioned in Machine Oriented Higher Level
- POGO - Early system on
G-15. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Polka - Object orientation
plus parallel logic, built on top of Parlog.
- Poly -
- POLYGOTH - Distributed
language integrating classes with a parallel block
- Ponder - Jon Fairbairn,
. Polymorphic, non-strict
- POOL2 - Parallel
Object-Oriented Language. Philips Research Labs, 1987.
- POOL-I - Latest in the line
of POOL languages. "A Parallel Object-Oriented
- POOL-T - Object-oriented,
concurrent, synchronous. Predecessor of POOL2.
- POP-1 - Package for Online
Programming. Edinburgh, 1966. First of the POP
- POP-2 - Robin POPplestone,
Edinburgh, 1967. An innovative language
- POP-10 - Julian Davies,
1973. Descendant of POP-2, for the PDP-10. "POP-
- Pop-11 - Robin POPplestone,
1975. Originally for the PDP-11. In some
- POP-9X - Proposed BSI
standard for Pop-11.
- POP++ - An object-oriented
extension of POPLOG. Available from Integral
- POPCORN - AI system built
on POP-2. "The POPCORN Reference Manual", S.
- Poplar - Morris, 1978. A
blend of LISP with SNOBOL4 pattern matching and
- POPLER - A PLANNER-type
language for the POP-2 environment. "Popler 1.6
- POPLOG - U Sussex. Language
for the two-stack virtual machine (PVM) which
- PopTalk - A commercial
object-oriented derivative of POP, used in the
- Port - Waterloo
Microsystems (now Hayes Canada) ca. 1979. Imperative
- Portable Standard Lisp -
"The Portable Standard LISP Users Manual", TR-10,
- PORTAL - Process-Oriented
Real-Time Algorithmic Language. "PORTAL - A
- Port Language -
"Communicating Parallel Processes", J. Kerridge et al, Soft
- POSE - 1967. An early query
language. "POSE: A Language for Posing
- POSTQUEL - POSTGRES QUERy
Language. Language used by the database system
- PostScript - J. Warnock et
al, Adobe Systems, ca. 1982. Interpretive
- POSYBL - PrOgramming SYstem
for distriButed appLications. Ioannis
- PowerFuL - Combines
functional and logic programming, using "angelic
- PPL - Polymorphic
Programming Language. Harvard U. Interactive and
- PPLambda - Essentially the
first-order predicate calculus superposed upon
- P-Prolog - Parallel logic
language. "P-Prolog: A Parallel Logic Language
- PRA - PRAgmatics. Language
used by COPS for specification of code
- pre-cc - PREttier Compiler
Compiler.
- PREP - PRogrammed
Electronics Patterns. Language for designing integrated
- PRESTO - Bershad et al, U
Washington 1987. A parallel language for shared-
- PRINT - PRe-edited
INTerpreter. Early math for IBM 705. Sammet 1969,
- PRINT I - Early system on
IBM 705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- PRISM - Distributed logic
language. "PRISM: A Parallel Inference System
- PRL - Proof Refinement
Logic. "PRL: Proof Refinement Logic Programmer's
- Probe - Object-oriented
logic language based on ObjVlisp. "Proposition
- PROC - Job control language
used in the Pick OS. "Exploring the Pick
- PROCOL - J. van den Bos,
Erasmus U, Rotterdam. A concurrent object-
- PROFILE - Simple language
for matching and scoring data. "User's Manual
- PROGENY - 1961. Report
generator for UNIVAX SS90.
- Prograph - Programming in
Graphics. Tomasz Pietrzykowski, Technical U,
- PROGRES - PROgrammed Graph
REwriting Systems. A. Scheurr, Aachen 1991. A
- PROJECT - Subsystem of
ICES. Sammet 1969, p.616.
- Prolog - PROgrammation en
LOGique. Alain Colmerauer and Phillipe Roussel,
- Prolog-2 - An
implementation of Edinburgh Prolog. "An Advanced Logic
- Prolog-II - Prolog with two
new predicates: 'dif' for coroutines and
- Prolog-III - A. Colmerauer,
U Aix-Marseille, ca 1984. Marseille Prolog,
- Prolog+ - [?]
- Prolog++ - Phil Vasey,
Logic Programming Associates. Prolog with object-
- Prolog-D-Linda - Embeds the
Linda parallel paradigm into SISCtus Prolog.
- Prolog-Linda -
- PROMAL - PROgrammer's
Microapplication Language. Systems Management
- PROMELA - Language for
building finite state machines. [?]
- Pronet - "The Design of a
Programming Language Based on Connectivity
- PROOF/L - Language with
implicit parallelism. Functional, object-oriented.
- Proposal Writing -
Extension of FORTRAN for proposal writing. Sammet 1969,
- PROSE -
- ProSet - U Essen, 1990.
Formerly SETL/E. A derivative of SETL with
- PROSPER - "PROSPER: A
Language for Specification by Prototyping", J.
- ProTalk - Quintus. An
object-oriented Prolog.
- PROTEUS -
- Protosynthex - Query system
for English text. Sammet 1969, p.669.
- PS 440 - K. Lagally, ca
1974. The system implementation language for the
- PS-ALGOL - Persistent
Algol. ca 1981, released 1985. A derivative of S-
- pSather - Parallel
extension of Sather for clustered shared memory model.
- PSETL - Parallel SETL - An
extension of SETL for operating specification
- PSML - Processor System
Modeling Language. Simulating computer systems
- P-TAC - Parallel Three
Address Code. "P-TAC: A Parallel Intermediate
- PUB - PUBlishing. 1972. An
early text-formatting language for TOPS-10,
- PUFFT - "The Purdue
University Fast FORTRAN Translator", Saul Rosen et al,
- PUMPKIN - "PUMPKIN -
(Another) Microprogramming Language", G.R. Lloyd,
- PVM - Parallel Virtual
Machine. Intermediate language used by the Gambit
- Python -
- Q - Very high level
language based on generalized (lazy) sequences.
- QA4 - Question-answering
language. A procedural calculus for intuitive
- QBE - Query By Example.
Moshe Zloof, IBM 1975. A user-friendly query
- Qlambda - "Queue-based
Multi-processing Lisp", R. Gabriel & J. McCarthy,
- QLISP -
- QLOG - An integration of
logic programming into LISP. "QLOG - The
- Q'NIAL - Queen's U, Canada.
A portable incremental compiler for NIAL,
- QPE - Two-dimensional
pictorial query language. "Pictorial Information
- Q-systems. A. Colmerauer,
1969. A rewrite system with one-way
- Quake - Stephen Harrison,
DEC SRC, 1993. A string-oriented language
- QUEASY - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- QUEL - Query language used
by the database management system INGRES.
- Quest -
- QUICK - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Quicksilver - dBASE-like
compiler for MS-DOS from WordTech, Orinda, CA.
- QUIKSCRIPT - Simulation
language derived from SIMSCRIPT, based on 20-GATE.
- QUIKTRAN - FORTRAN-like,
interactive with debugging facilities. Sammet
- QUIN - Pyle 1965.
Interactive language. Sammet 1969, p.691.
- Quintec-Objects - Based on
Quintec (not Quintus) Prolog. British.
- Quty - Functional plus
logic. "Quty: A Functional Language Based on
- QX - (meaning "OK", from
E.E. Smith SF books). Richard Gillmann, SDC,
- Raddle - "On the Design of
Large Distributed Systems", I.R. Forman, Proc
- RAIL - Automatix.
High-level language for industrial robots.
- RAISE - See RSL.
- RAL - Expert system.
- RAMIS II - Rapid Access
Management Information System. Database system.
- Rapidwrite - Method for
translating set of abbreviations into the much more
- RAPT - "An Interpreter for
a Language for Describing Assemblies", R.J.
- RASP - "RASP - A Language
with Operations on Fuzzy Sets", D.D. Djakovic,
- RATEL - Raytheon Automatic
Test Equipment Language. For analog and digital
- RATFIV - Successor to
RATFOR.
- RATFOR - RATional FORTRAN.
Kernighan. FORTRAN preprocessor to allow
- RAWOOP-SNAP - Early system
on IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16
- R:BASE - MS-DOS 4GL from
Microrim. Based on Minicomputer DBMS RIM. Was
- RBASIC - Database language
for Revelation, by Cosmos Inc. Combines
- RBCSP - Roper &
Barter's CSP. "A Communicating Sequential Process Language
- rc -
- RCC - An extensible
language. [?]
- RCL - Reduced Control
Language. A simplified job control language for
- RDL - Requirements and
Development Language. "RDL: A Language for Software
- Real-Time Euclid -
Real-time language, restriction to time-bounded
- Real-Time Mentat - An
extension of C++. "Real-Time Mentat: A Data-Driven
- Real-Time Pascal - Later
name for Pascal-80 by RC Intl, Denmark.
- REC - Regular Expression
Converter. See CONVERT.
- Recital - dBASE-like
language/DBMS from Recital Corp. Versions include
- RECOL - REtrieval COmmand
Language. CACM 6(3):117-122 (Mar 1963).
- Red - (Also "REDL").
Intermetrics. A language proposed to meet the
- REDCODE - Proposed as a
language for "battle programs" in corewars. (See
- RediLisp - R.M. Keller, U
Utah. Dialect of Lisp used on the Rediflow
- REDUCE - Anthony Hearn,
1963. Symbolic math, ALGOL-like syntax, written in
- Refal - Recursive Functions
Algorithmic Language. V. Turchin, Moscow ca
- REF-ARF - "REF-ARF: A
System for Solving Problems Stated as Procedures",
- Refine - Cordell Green et
al, Stanford U. High-level wide-spectrum
- Refined C (RC) - An
extension of C to directly specify data access rights
- Refined Fortran (RF) -
Similar to Refined C. Research implementations
- REG-SYMBOLIC - Early system
on IBM 704. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- REGTRAL - [?] Mentioned in
Attribute Grammars, LNCS 323, p.108.
- Relational Language. Clark
& Gregory. First parallel logic language to
- RELATIVE - Early system on
IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- RELCODE - Early system on
UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- REL English - Rapidly
Extensible Language, English. A formal language
- RenderMan Shading Language.
"The RenderMan Companion", S. Upstill, A-W
- RENDEZVOUS - Query
language, close to natural English. "Seven Steps to
- REPL - Restricted EPL. A
subset of EPL (the efficient part) used to write
- Required-COBOL - 1961.
Minimal subset of COBOL. Later dropped entirely.
- Retrieve - Tymshare Corp,
1960's. Query language, inspired JPLDIS which
- Revised ALGOL 60 -
Alternate name for ALGOL 60 Revised. Sammet 1969,
- REXX - Restructured
EXtended eXecutor. M. Cowlishaw, IBM ca. 1979.
- Rez - MacIntosh resource
language.
- RIGAL - Language for
compiler writing. Data strucures are atoms,
- Rigel - Database language?
Based on Pascal. Listed by M.P. Atkinson &
- RIPscrip - Remote Imaging
Protocol scripts. Telegrafix Inc. A
- RLL - Representation
Language Language. A frame language. "A
- RMAG - Recursive Macro
Actuated Generator. Robert A. Magnuson, NIH ca
- ROADS - Subsystem of ICES.
Sammet 1969, p.616.
- ROBEX - ROBot EXapt. Aachen
Tech College. Based on EXAPT. Version:
- Robotalk - A Forth-based
assembly/control language with low level
- Roff - Text formatting
language/interpreter associated with Unix. (See
- ROME - Experimental
object-oriented language. "The Point of View Notion
- Rossette - MCC. Concurrent
object-oriented language.
- RPG - Report Program
Generator. IBM 1965. For easy production of
- RPL-1 - Data reduction
language. Proc SJCC 30:571-575, AFIPS (Spring
- RPL - Reverse Polish LISP.
Language used by HP-28 and HP-48 calculators.
- RPT - Unify. Report Writer
Language.
- RSL - RAISE Specification
Language. (RAISE=Rigorous Approach to Industrial
- RTC++ - Real-time extension
of C++. "Object-Oriented Real-Time Language
- RT-CDL - Real-Time Common
Design Language. Real-time language for the
- RTL - Register Transfer
Language. Chris Fraser & J.
- RTL/1 - Real Time Language.
Barnes, ICI 1971. A real-time language, the
- RTL/2 - John Barnes et al,
Imperical Chemical Industries, 1972. Small
- Ruby -
- RUFL - Rhodes University
Functional Language. Rhodes U, Grahamstown, South
- RUNCIBLE - Early system for
math on IBM 650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- RUNOFF - An early
text-formatting language supported under TOPS-10 on the
- RUSH -
- Russell - (named for the
British mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872-
- RUTH - Harrison
. Real-time language based
- S - AT&T. Statistical
analysis. "S: An Interactive Environment for Data
- S* - Dasgupta, Simon Fraser
U, 1978. A microprogramming language schema,
- S*A - Dasgupta, 1981. A
high-level architecture description language,
- S*M - A nonprocedural
hardware description language. "S*M, An Axiomatic,
- S3 - ALGOL-like system
language for the ICL 2900 computer.
- SAAL - Used on the Univac
1005 in the 1960's by the US Army Material
- SAC - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- SAC-1 - G.E. Collins. Early
symbolic math system, written in FORTRAN.
- SAC2 - Symbolic math
system, compiles to FORTRAN or Common LISP.
- SAD SAM - Query language by
Lindsay. Sammet 1969, p.669.
- SAFARI - Online text
editing system by MITRE. Sammet 1969, p.685.
- Safe Ada - A subset of Ada
for writing safety-critical software. "Safe Ada
- SAIL -
- SAINT - Symbolic Automatic
INTegrator. J. Slagle, MIT 1961. Written in
- SAL -
- SALEM - "SALEM - A
Programming System for the Simulation of Systems
- S-Algol - Orthogonal data
structures on Algol-60. "S-Algol Language
- SALT -
- SAM76 - Claude Kagan. Macro
language, a descendant of TRAC. Version for
- SAMeDL - SQL Ada Module
Description Language. Used to interface Ada
- Sandman - DoD requirements
that led to APSE.
- SAP - Symbolic Assembler
Program. IBM 704 assembly language, late 50's.
- SARG - Used on the Uvivac
1004 in the 1960's by the US Army Material
- SAS - Statistical Analysis
System. Statistical and matrix language,
- SASL - Saint Andrews Static
Language. Turner, 1976. A derivative of ISWIM
- SASL+LV - Unifies logic and
functional programming. A more complete
- SASL-YACC - See yacc.
- Sather - ("Say-ther", named
for the Sather Tower at UCB, as opposed to the
- Sather-K - Karlsruhe
Sather. A sublanguage of Sather used for introductory
- SCALLOP - Medium-level
language for CDC computers, used to bootstrap the
- SCAN -
- SCEPTRE - Designing and
analyzing circuits. "SCEPTRE: A Computer Program
- Scheme - (originally
"Schemer", by analogy with Planner and Conniver.)
- Scheme-Linda - Ulf Dahlen,
U Edinburgh, 1990. On the Computing Surface and
- School - Smalltalk-like but
strongly typed, with separate inheritance
- Schoonschip - (Dutch for
"beautiful ship") M. Veltman, CERN, 1964.
- SCL -
- Scode - Internal
representation used by the Liar compiler for MIT Scheme.
- SCOOP - Structured
Concurrent Object-Oriented Prolog. "SCOOP, Structured
- SCOOPS - Scheme
Object-Oriented Programming System. TI, 1986. Multiple
- SCRAP - CSIR, Pretoria,
South Africa, late 1970's. Ran on Interdata and
- Scratchpad I - Richard
Jenks, Barry Trager, Stephen M. Watt & Robert S.
- Screamer - An extension of
Common Lisp providing nondeterministic
- Screenwrite - Simple query
language. Honeywell late 70's, Level 6 minis.
- Scribe - Brian Reid. A
text-formatting language.
- SCRIPT -
- ScriptX - Kaleida Labs.
Object-oriented, dynamic, time-based,
- SCROLL - String and
Character Recording Oriented Logogrammatic Language.
- scsh - An extension
language?
- SDF - Syntax Definition
Formalism. CWI. Language for lexical and
- SDL -
- 4. Structure Definition
Language. Used internally by DEC to define and
- 5. System Description
Language. language used by the Eiffel/S
- SDL 92 - SDL[2] with
object-orientation.
- SDMS - Query language.
- SEAL - Semantics-directed
Environment Adaptation Language.
- Sed - Stream editor. The
input language used by the Unix stream editor.
- SEESAW - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SEL -
- Self - Small,
dynamically-typed object-oriented language, based on
- http://oop.rosweb.ru/Other/1786.html
- SEM - Semantic
specification language for COPS. "Metalanguages of the
- Seneca - See Oberon-V
- SEPIA - Standard ECRC
Prolog Integrating Applications. Prolog with many
- Seque - "Seque: A
Programming Language for Manipulating Sequences", R.E.
- Sequel -
- SESL - State and Event
Specification Language. [?]
- SETL - SET Language.
Courant Inst, early 70's. A very high level
- SETL2 - SETL with more
conventional Ada-like syntax, lexical scoping, full
- SETL/E - See ProSet.
- SETS - Set Equation
Transformation System. Symbolic manipulation of
- SEUS - R. Weyrauch et al.
Language allowing functions to return multiple
- SEXI - String EXpression
Interpreter. Early name of SNOBOL.
- SFD-ALGOL - System Function
Description-ALGOL. Extension of ALGOL for
- SFL - System Function
Language. Assembly language for the ICL2900. "SFL
- SFLV - Unifies logic and
functional programming. SASL+LV with unification
- SGML - Standard Generalized
Markup Language. "SGML - The User's Guide to
- sh - (or "Shellish"). S.R.
Bourne. Command shell interpreter and script
- SHACO - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SHADOW - Barnett &
Futrelle, 1962. Syntax-directed compiler. Predecessor
- Sharp APL - "A Dictionary
of the APL Language", K. Iverson, Pub 0402, Sharp
- SHEEP - Symbolic math,
especially tensor analysis and General Relativity.
- SHELL - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- Short Code or SHORTCODE -
John Mauchly, 1949. Pseudocode interpreter for
- Show-And-Tell - Visual
dataflow language designed for use by elementary
- SICStus Prolog - SICS
(Swedish Inst Comp Sci), Box 1263, S-164 28 Kista,
- SIFT - SHARE Internal
FORTRAN Translator. Translation utility designed for
- Sig - Signal Processing,
Analysis, and Display program. This is an
- SIGLA - SIGma LAnguage.
Olivetti. Language for industrial robots.
- SIGNAL - Le Guernic et al,
INRIA. Synchronous dataflow language. An
- SIL -
- Silage - Synchronous DSP
specification language. "Silage Reference Manual,
- SIMAN - SIMulation
ANalysis. C. Dennis Pegden, 1983. Language for
- SIMCMP - A simple bootstrap
language and compiler, used to compile FLUB.
- SIML/I - Simulation
language, descendant of ASPOL. "The Simulation
- Simone - A. Hoare et al.
Simulation language based on Pascal.
- SIMPAC - Early simulation
language with fixed time steps. "Simpac User's
- SIMPAS - Event scheduling
language, implemented as Pascal preprocessor.
- SIMPL -
- SIMPLE -
- SIMPL/I - Simulation
language implemented as a PL/I preprocessor. "SIMPL/I
- SIMPL-T - Base language for
a family of languages and compilers.
- SIMSCRIPT - Harry Markowitz
et al, Rand Corp 1963. Implemented as a
- SIMULA I - SIMUlation
LAnguage. Kristen Nygaard & Ole-Johan Dahl, designed
- SIMULA 67 - A
general-purpose successor to SIMULA I, in which the
- SIMULA - Current version of
SIMULA 67. Used as the introductory
- Simulating Digital Systems
- FORTRAN-like language for describing computer
- SINA - "An Implementation
of the Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming
- SIPLAN - SIte PLANning
computer language. Interactive language for space
- Siprol - Signal Processing
Language. A DSP language. "SIPROL: A High
- SIR - Early system on IBM
650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Siri - Horn
, CMU 1991. Object-oriented
- SISAL - Streams and
Iteration in a Single Assignment Language. James
- SISAL 90 - A SISAL
extension with higher order functions, polymorphism.
- Sketchpad - I. Sutherland,
1963. Computer-aided design. Constraints using
- Skim - Alain Deutsch
et al, France. Scheme
- SKOL - FORTRAN
pre-processor for COS (Cray Operating System).
- SL5 - String and list
processing language with expression-oriented syntax.
- SLAM -
- SLANG -
- S-Lang - Stack-based
postfix language, used in the JED editor.
- SLIM - A VLSI language for
translating DFA's into circuits. J.L. Hennessy,
- SLIP - Symmetric LIst
Processsor. J. Weizenbaum, early-60's. Language for
- SLIPS - "An Interpreter for
SLIPS - An Applicative Language Based on
- SLLIC - Intermediate
language developed at HP. An infinite-register
- Sloop - "Parallel
Programming in a Virtual Object Space", S. Lucco, SIGPLAN
- SMALGOL - SMall ALGOL.
Subset of ALGOL 60. "SMALGOL-61", G.A. Bachelor et
- SMALL -
- Small-C - A subset of C.
Compiler source in C producing 8080 code in Dr
- Smalltalk - Software
Concepts Group, Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay, early
- Smalltalk-80 -
"Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation" ("The
- SmalltalkAgents - QKS.
Smalltalk with closures. [?]
- Smalltalk DB - Formerly
OPAL. Language of the object-oriented database
- Smalltalk/V - First widely
available version of Smalltalk, for PC, Mac.
- SmallVDM - "SmallVDM: An
Environment for Formal Specification and
- SmallWorld -
Object-oriented language. "SW 2 - An Object-based Programming
- SMART - For MS-DOS?
- SMIL - Machine language for
a Swedish computer.
- SML -
- SML# - An extension of
SML/NJ with polymorphic field selection and
- SML/NJ - Standard ML of New
Jersey. An implementation of SML by Andrew
- SMoLCS - Specification
metalanguage used for a formal definition of Ada.
- SMP - Steven Wolfram's
earlier symbol manipulation program, before he
- SNAP -
- SNOBOL - StriNg Oriented
symBOlic Language. David Farber, Ralph Griswold &
- SNOBOL2 - Brief existence,
featured built-in functions, but not programmer-
- SNOBOL3 - 1965. SNOBOL with
user-defined functions. SNOBOL 6.3 compiler
- SNOBOL4 - Griswold et al,
1967. Quite distinct from its predecessors.
- SITBOL - "SITBOL Version
3.0", J.F. Gimpel, TRS4D30b, Bell Labs 1973.
- SNOOPS - Craske, 1988. An
extension of SCOOPS with meta-objects that can
- SO 2 - Early system on IBM
701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SOAP - Symbolic Optimal
Assembly Program. IBM 650 assembly language.
- SOAR - State, Operator And
Result. A. Newell, early 80's. A general
- SOCRATIC - [Not a
language?] Bolt, Beranek & Newman. Early interactive
- SODA - Symbolic Optimum
DEUCE Assembly Program. Symbolic assembler for a
- SODAS - D.L. Parnas &
J.A. Darringer. Proc FJCC 31:449-474, AFIPS (Fall
- SOHIO - Early system on IBM
705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SOL -
- SOLO - Name inspired by
SOL[3] + LOGO. A variant of LOGO with primitives
- Solve - Parallel
object-oriented language. "Message Pattern
- SP - Simplicity and Power.
Prolog-like. "Simplicity and Power -
- SPADE - Specification
Processing And Dependency Extraction. Specification
- SPAR - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- SPARK - Southampton U and
Program Validation, Ltd. An annotated subset of
- SPARKS - FORTRAN superset,
used in Fundamentals of Data Structures, E.
- Speakeasy - Simple
array-oriented language with numerical integration and
- Spec - Specification
language. Expresses black-box interface
- SPECIAL - SRI specification
language. [HDM?] "SPECIAL - A Specification
- SPECOL - "SPECOL - A
Computer Enquiry Language for the Non-Programmer",
- SPEED - Early system on
LGP-30. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Speedcoding - John Backus,
1953. A pseudocode interpreter for math on IBM
- Speedcoding 3 - Listed in
CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SPEEDEX - Early system on
IBM 701. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- SP/k - Subset PL/I, k=1..8.
A series of PL/I subsets, simplified for
- SPG - System Program
Generator. A compiler-writing language. "A System
- SPIT - Language for IBM
650. (See IT).
- SPITBOL - SPeedy
ImplemenTation of snoBOL. "Macro SPITBOL - A SNOBOL4
- SPL -
- SPLash! -
- SPL/I - Signal Processing
Language I. Intermetrics. General language
- SPLINTER - PL/I interpreter
with debugging features. Sammet 1969, p.600.
- Split-C - Parallel
extension of C for distributed memory multiprocessors.
- SPLX - Specification
Language for Parallel cross-product of processes and
- SPM - Sequential Parlog
Machine. Language of a virtual machine for Parlog
- Spool - Object-oriented
logic. "An Experience with a Prolog Based
- SPRING - String PRocessING
language. "From SPRING to SUMMER: Design,
- SPRINT - List processing
language involving stack operations. "SPRINT - A
- SPS - Symbolic Programming
System. Assembly language for IBM 1620.
- SPSS - Statistical Programs
for the Social Sciences. "SPSS X User's
- SPUR - Early system on IBM
650. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Squiggol - See BMF.
- SQL - Structured Query
Language. IBM, 1970's, for use in System R. The de
- SQL Module Language. Used
to interface other languages (Ada, C, COBOL,
- Square - Query language,
precursor to SQL. "Specifying Queries as
- Squeak - "Squeak: A
Language for Communicating with Mice", L. Cardelli et
- SR - Synchronizing
Resources. A language for concurrent programming. A
- SRC Modula-3 - From
DEC/SRC, Palo Alto, CA. "Modula-3 Report (revised)"
- SRDL - Small algebraic
specification language, allows distfix operators.
- Srl -
- SSL -
- STAB-11 - "The Translation
and Interpretation of STAB-11", A.J.T. Colin et
- STAC - Storage Allocation
and Coding Program. Symbolic macro-assembler for
- STAGE2 - A macro language.
"The Mobile Programming System: STAGE2", W. M.
- Standard Lisp - A. Hearn.
Subset of Lisp 1.5 developed primarily for
- Standard ML - See SML.
- STAR 0 - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- StarLISP - See *LISP.
- StarMOD - See *MOD.
- Starset - Portable
storage/retrieval language for distributed databases.
- Statemate - Language for
building finite state machines. [?]
- Steelman - DoD, June 1978.
Fifth and last of the series of DoD
- STENSOR - L. Hornfeldt,
Stockholm, mid-80's. Symbolic math, especially
- Sticks&Stones -
Hardware description language. Functional, polymorphic,
- STIL - STatistical
Interpretive Language. "STIL User's Manual", C.F.
- STING - A parallel dialect
of Scheme intended to serve as a high-level
- STOIC - STring Oriented
Interactive Compiler. Smithsonian Astrophysical
- Stoneman - HOLWG, DoD, Feb
1980. DoD requirements that led to APSE.
- STP4 - Statistical
language.
- Strand -
- Strawman - HOLWG, DoD, Apr
1975. The first of the series of DoD
- STREAM - "STREAM: A Scheme
Language for Formally Describing Digital
- STRESS - STRuctual
Engineering Systems Solver. Structural analysis
- STROBES - Shared Time
Repair of Big Electronic Systems. Computer testing.
- STRUDL - STRUctured Design
Language. Dynamic and finite-element analysis,
- STRUM - Algol-like
microprogramming language for the Burroughs D Machine.
- STRUM2 - A variant of STRUM
used in the V-compiler.
- STSC APL - Implementation
of APL by Scientific Time-Sharing Corp.
- STUDENT - D.G. Bobrow 1964.
Early query system. Sammet 1969, p.664.
- Student PL/I - A
translator-intepreter for a PL/I subset derived from
- STUDIO - "STUDIO - A
Modular, Compiled, Actor-Oriented Language, Based Upon
- SuccessoR - Language for
distributed computing derived from SR.
- Sue - System language, used
to write an OS for the IBM 360. Cross between
- SUGAR - Westfield College,
U London. Simple lazy functional language used
- SUIF - Stanford University
Intermediate Format. Register-oriented
- SUILVEN - A
microprogramming language. "Towards Machine-Independent
- SUMMER - Klint & Sint,
CWI late 70's. String manipulation and pattern
- SUMMER SESSION - Early
system on MIT's Whirlwind. Listed in CACM 2(5):16
- SUPER - Successor to
LOGLISP, based on LNF. "New Generation Knowledge
- SUPERMAC - General-purpose
macro language, embeddable in existing languages
- Super Pascal - Pascal
variant used in Data Structures and Algorithms, A.
- SuperTalk - Silicon Beach
Software. A superset of HyperTalk used in
- Sure - Bharat Jayaraman.
"Towards a Broader Basis for Logic Programming",
- SURGE - Sorter, Updater,
Report Generator, Etc. IBM 704, 1959. Sammet
- SweetLambda - Sugared
lambda-calculus?
- SYDEL - Jan Garwick, ca
1974. System language, fully typed, with inline
- SYGMA - Novosibirsk. For
the BESM-6, M-220 and Minsk-22. "SYGMA, A
- Sylvan - [Distributed
language?]
- SYMBAL - SYMbolic ALgebra.
Max Engeli, late 60's. Symbolic math language
- SymbMath - Small symbolic
math package for MS-DOS. Has the ability to
- SYMBOLANG - Lapidus &
Goldstein, 1965. Symbol manipulating FORTRAN
- SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY - Early
system on IBM 705. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- Symbolic Mathematical
Laboratory - On-line system under CTSS for symbolic
- Symmetric LISP - A parallel
LISP in which environments are first-class
- SYMPL - SYsteMs Programming
Language. CDC. A derivative of Jovial.
- SYN - Syntactic
specification language for COPS. "Metalanguages of the
- Synchronous C++ - Ecole
Polytechnic Federale de Lausanne.
- SYSLISP - System language
used in the implementation of Portable Standard
- T -
- TABLET - Query language.
"Human Factor Comparison of a Procedural and a
- TABSOL - T.F. Kavanaugh.
Early system oriented language. Proc FJCC
- TAC - Translator
Assembler-Compiler. For Philco 2000.
- TACL - Tandem Advanced
Command Language. Tandem, about 1987. The shell
- TACPOL - PL/I-like language
used by US Army for command and control.
- TAL - Tandem Application
Language. A cross between C and Pascal. Primary
- TALE - Typed Applicative
Language Experiment. M. van Leeuwen. Lazy,
- TALL - TAC List Language.
"TALL - A List Processor for the Philco 2000",
- TAO -
- TARTAN - A simpler proposed
language to meet the Ironman requirements.
- TASM - Turbo Assembler.
MS-DOS assembler from Borland.
- TASS - Template ASSembly
language. Intermediate language produced by the
- TAWK - Tiny AWK.
- Taxis - "A Language
Facility for Designing Database-Intensive
- TBIL - Tiny Basic
Interpreter Language. Inner interpreter of Tom Pittman's
- Tbl -
- Tcl -
- Tcode - Intermediate
language used by the Spineless Tagless G-machine (an
- TCOL - CMU. Tree-based
intermediate representation produced by the PQCC
- TCOL.Ada - CMU, 1980. An
intermediate representation for Ada, was merged
- tcsh - Command language for
Unix, a dialect of csh.
- Tcsim - Time (Complex)
Simulator. Complex arithmetic version of Tsim.
- TDF - Intermediate
language, a close relative of ANDF. A TDF program is an
- TDFL - Dataflow language.
"TDFL: A Task-Level Dataflow Language", P.
- TECO - Text Editor and
COrrector. (Originally "Tape Editor and
- TELCOMP - Variant of JOSS.
Sammet 1969, p.217.
- Telescript - General Magic.
[?]
- Telon - by Panasophic [?]
- TELOS -
- TELSIM - Busch, ca 1966.
Digital simulation. Sammet 1969, p.627.
- TempLog - A clausal subset
of first-order temporal logic, with discrete
- TEMPO - Simple syntax and
semantics. Designed for teaching semantic and
- Tempura - Language based on
temporal logic. "Executing Temporal Logic
- Ten15 - A universal
intermediate language, redecessor to TDF. Polymorphic?
- TERMAC - Interactive matrix
language. "Users Guide to TERMAC", J.S. Miller
- Terse - Language for
decryption of hardware logic. "Hardware Logic
- TeX - Donald Knuth, 1978.
Language for formatting and typesetting text,
- TFDL - "TFDL : A Task-level
Dataflow Language", P.A. Suhler et al, J
- TGS-II - Translator
Generator System. Contained TRANDIR. Sammet 1969,
- THEO - Frame language.
"Theo: A Framework for Self-Improving Systems",
- Theseus - Based on Euclid,
never implemented. "Theseus - A Programming
- ThingLab - Simulation
system written in Smalltalk-80. Solves constraints
- Tinman - HOLWG, DoD, Jan
1976. Third of the series of DoD requirements
- tinman+ - Macro language
for Apple ][? Published in DDJ?
- TINT - Interpreted version
of JOVIAL. Sammet 1969, p.528.
- Tiny - Concurrency through
message-passing to named message queues.
- TIP - Texas Instruments
Pascal.
- TIPL
- TK!Solver - Software Arts
1983. Numerical constraint-oriented language.
- TL0 - Thread Language Zero.
The instruction set of the TAM (Threaded
- TL1 - Transaction Language
1. Bellcore. A subset of CCITT's MML with
- TL/I - An intermediate
language for Turing machines. "Examples of Formal
- TMDL - Target-Machine
Description Language. Machine-description language
- TMG - TransMoGrifier. Early
language for writing recursive descent
- TOK - Referred to in Ursula
K. LeGuin's "Always Coming Home." Seems to be
- Toronto Euclid - The
standard dialect of Euclid, as compared to Ottawa
- TPL -
- TPS - Tree Pruning System.
"An Adaptive Tree Pruning System: A Language
- TPU - Text Processing
Utility. DEC. Language for creation of text-
- TRAC - Text Reckoning And
Compiling. Calvin N. Mooers and Peter Deutsch
- Trafola-H - A specification
language for program transformations.
- Traits - Early
object-oriented language. Supported multiple inheritance
- TRANDIR - TRANslation
DIRector. A language for syntax-directed compiling.
- TRANQUIL - 1966. ALGOL-like
language with sets and other extensions, for
- TRANS - TRAffic Network
Simulation Language. "A Model for Traffic
- TRANS-USE - Early system on
IBM 1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- TRANSCODE - Early system on
Ferut computer. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- TRANSIT - Subsystem of
ICES. Sammet 1969, p.616.
- TRANSLANG - A microassembly
language for the Burroughs D Machine.
- TREET - E.C. Haines, 1964.
An experimental variant of LISP1.5, implemented
- TREETRAN - FORTRAN IV
subroutine package for tree manipulation.
- Trellis - (formerly named
OWL). DEC. Object-oriented, with static type-
- TRIGMAN - Symbolic math,
especially Celestial Mechanics.
- Trilogy - Paul Voda
, UBC, 1988. Logic programming
- TRIX - Language for a
family of line-oriented text editors used on CDC 7600
- Troff - Text formatting
language/interpreter, a variant of Unix roff. (See
- TROLL - Array language for
continuous simulation, econometric modeling,
- True BASIC - John Kemeny
& Thomas E. Kurtz. A compiled BASIC requiring no
- TS - Typed Smalltalk. Ralph
Johnson, U Illinois
- Tsim - Time Simulator.
Stack-based simulation language. ZOLA
- TSL-1 - Task Sequencing
Language. Language for specifying sequences of
- Tui - Functional. "Tui
Language Manual", B. Boutel, TR CSD-8-021, Victoria
- Tuki - An intermediate code
for functional languages. "Another
- TUPLE - Toyohashi
University Parallel Lisp Environment. A parallel Lisp
- Tuple Space Smalltalk -
"Using Tuple Space Communication in Distributed
- Turbo Pascal - Borland
Intl's Pascal. Perhaps the first integrated
- Turbo Prolog - 1986. A
Prolog-like language with strong typing and user-
- Turing - R.C. Holt
& J.R. Cordy
- Turing Plus - Systems
programming language, a concurrent descendant of
- Turingol - D. Knuth.
High-level language for programming Turing machines?
- TUTOR - Scripting language
on PLATO systems from CDC. "The TUTOR
- Twentel - Functional. "The
TWENTEL System (Version 1).", H. Kroeze, CS
- TWIG - Tree-Walking
Instruction Generator. A code-generator language.
- TXL - Tree Transformation
Language. J.R. Cordy et al, Queens U, Canada,
- TYPOL - A specialized logic
programming language. "TYPOL: A Formalism to
- UAN - User Action Notation.
VPI. A notation for representation of
- UBASIC - Y. Kida
. Extension of BASIC oriented
- uC++ - Micro-C++. U
Waterloo. A concurrent extension of C++ with
- UCSD Pascal - see Pascal-P.
- U-Code - Universal Pascal
Code. Intermediate language, a generalization of
- UDL/I - Unified Design
Language for Integrated circuits. 1991. A hardware
- UHELP - Linear programming.
"UHELP User's Manual", D. Singh, Indus Eng
- UGLIAC - Early system on
Datatron 200 series. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- UHELP - Mathematical
language, listed [?] 1976.
- UIL - User Interface
Language? Distributed with Motif.
- ULP - Small structured
language for use in microprocessors. "User's Guide
- uML - Micro ML. An
interpreter for a subset of SML that runs on MS-DOS.
- UNBASIC - Eric S. Raymond,
1981-1982. An extension to IBM BASIC, adding
- UNCOL - UNiversal Computer
Oriented Language. A universal intermediate
- UNICODE - Pre-FORTRAN on
the IBM 1103, similar to MATH-MATIC. Sammet 1969,
- UNIFORM - An intermediate
language developed for reverse engineering both
- UNIQUE - A portable job
control language, used. "The UNIQUE Command
- UNISAP - Early system on
UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- UNITY - A high-level
parallel language. "Parallel Program Design", K.M.
- Uranus - Hideyuki Nakashima
, 1993. A logic-based
- USE - Early system on IBM
1103 or 1103A. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
- USL -
- USSA - B. Burshteyn,
Pyramid, 1992. Object-oriented state language.
- utility-coder - Data
manipulation and report generation. "User's Manual
- UTOPIST - E. Tyugu, Acad
Sci Estonia, Tallinn, early 1980's. Specification
- V - Wide-spectrum language
used in the knowledge-based environment CHI.
- VAL -
- Valid - Dataflow language.
"A List-Processing-Oriented Data Flow Machine
- VCODE -
- VDM++ - Object-oriented
extension of VDM-SL. "Object-Oriented
- VDM-SL - Vienna Development
Method Specification Language. (Also known as
- Vector C - CMU? Variant of
C similar to ACTUS.
- VECTRAN - FORTRAN with
array extensions. "The VECTRAN Language: An
- Verdi - (named for the
Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901))
- VEL - See LISP70.
- Verilog - Phil Moorby,
Gateway Design Information, 1983. A hardware
- VGQF - Query language. [?]
- VHDL - VHSIC Hardware
Description Language. (VHSIC = Very High Speed
- Vienna Definition Language
- IBM Vienna Labs. A language for formal
- Vienna Fortran - Hans Zima
, U Vienna. Data-
- Views - A Smalltalk
extension for computer algebra. "An Object Oriented
- VIF - VHDL Interface
Format. Intermediate language used by the Vantage
- Viron - "Five Paradigm
Shifts in Programming Language Design and Their
- VITAL - Semantics language
using FSL. Mondshein, 1967. Sammet 1969,
- VIVID - Numerical
constraint-oriented language. "VIVID: The Kernel of a
- viz - Visual language for
specification and programming. "viz: A Visual
- Vlisp - Patrick Greussay
ca 1973. A Lisp dialect with a
- VML - VODAK Model Language.
Language for extensible object-oriented
- VMPL - A microprogramming
language with PL/I-like syntax, for an abstract
- VPL - Dataflow language for
interactive image processing. "VPL: An Active,
- VSP - Very Simple Prolog+.
[?]
- VULCAN -
- WAFL - WArwick Functional
Language. Warwick U, England. LISP-like.
- WAM - Intermediate language
for compiled Prolog, used by the Warren
- WATBOL - WATerloo COBOL,
for MVS.
- WATFIV - WATerloo Fortran
IV. U Waterloo, Canada. Student-friendly
- WATFOR - WATerloo FORtran.
U Waterloo, Canada. Student-friendly variant
- WAVE - Robotics language.
"WAVE: A Model-Based Language for Manipulator
- WEB - Knuth's
self-documenting brand of programming, with algorithms and
- WFL - Work Flow Language.
Burroughs, ca 1973. A job control language for
- Wisp - "An Experiment with
a Self-Compiling Compiler for a Simple List-
- Wizard - Lehigh U, ca 1975.
[?]
- Woodenman - HOLWG, DoD,
1975. Second of the series of DoD requirements
- WOOL - Window Object
Oriented Language. Colas Nahaboo
- WPL+ - Word-oriented
language internal to PRODOS Applewriter 2.1.
- WPOP - WonderPop. Robert
Rae , Edinburgh 1976. An
- WRITEACOURSE - CAI
language, for IBM 360. "WRITEACOURSE: An Educational
- WSFN - Which Stands For
Nothing. Atari 1983. Beginner's language with
- WSL - Waterloo Systems
Language. A C-like systems programming language.
- X-1 - Early system on
UNIVAC I or II. Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
- Xbase - Generic term for
the dBASE family of languages. Coined in response
- XBASIC - eXtended BASIC.
1972. An extension of BASIC, including matrix
- XC - Declarative extension
of C++. "XC - A Language for Embedded Rule
- XDL - An object-oriented
extension to CCITT's SDL[2]. "XDL: An Object-
- Xfun - S. Dalmas
, INRIA, 1991. A cross between
- Xi - VLSI design language.
"The Circuit Design Language Xi", S.I. Feldman,
- XICS - Xerox. Page
description language.
- XL - A tuple language used
as the intermediate form in the code generator
- XLISP - eXperimental LISP.
David Betz . LISP variant
- XLISP-PLUS - An extension
of XLISP used in the WINTERP OSF/Motif Widget
- XNF - Hardware description
language?
- XPC - eXplicitly Parallel
C. Dialect of Parallel C which is mode
- XPL - Stanford, 1967-69.
Small dialect of PL/I used for compiler writing.
- XPOP - Extensible macro
assembly language with user-redefinable grammar,
- XScheme - David Betz.
Scheme with object-oriented extensions. Source in
- XTRAN - FORTRAN-like,
interactive. [?]
- Y - General purpose
language syntactically like RATFOR, semantically like
- Yaa - Yet Another Assembler
- Macro assembler for GCOS 8 and Mark III on
- yacc - Yet Another Compiler
Compiler. Language used by the Yacc LALR
- YALLL - Yet Another Low
Level Language. Patterson et al, UC Berkeley,
- YAPS - Yet Another
Production System? College Park Software. Commercial
- YASOS - Yet Another Scheme
Object System.
- Yay - Yet Another Yacc - An
extension of Yacc with LALR(2) parsing.
- Yellow - SRI. A language
proposed to meet the Ironman requirements which
- Yerk - (named for Yerkes
Observatory) A public domain reincarnation of
- YLISP - Hewlett-Packard. A
variant of Xlisp for the HP-95LX palmtop.
- Z -
- Z++ - Object-oriented
extension of Z. "Z++, an Object-Oriented Extension
- ZAP - Language for
expressing transformational developments. "A System for
- Zed - 1978. Software
Portability Group, U Waterloo. Eh, with types added.
- ZENO - U Rochester 1978.
Euclid with asynchronous message-passing.
- ZERO - Object oriented
extension of Z. "Object Orientation in Z", S.
- ZEST - Object oriented
extension of Z. "Object Orientation in Z", S.
- ZetaLisp - Maclisp dialect
used on the LISP Machine. The many extensions
- ZIL - Zork Implementation
Language. Language used by Infocom's Interactive
- Zipcode - [?] Parallel
language at Lawrence Livermore?
- zsh - Sh with list
processing and database enhancements.
- ZOPL - Geac. [?] A
low-level Pascal?
- ZUG - Geac. [?] A low-level
Awk?
- Zuse - (named for Konrad
Zuse, the designer of the first modern programming
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